United States Military Recruiting Practices Essay Example for Free

United States Military Recruiting Pr take onices EssayUS array naval forces is the largest in the world with a tonne greater that the next 17 largest combined. US naval forces is managed by Department of Navy nerve which is a division of the Department of defense. The nine components to the operating forces of the US Navy include Atlantic Fleet, pacific Fleet, Naval Forces, Central Command, Naval Forces Europe, Naval Network, Naval Special Warf are Command, Navy Reserve, Warfare Command, operative Test and Evaluation Forces and Military Sealift Command. Fleets in U. S Navy, act as force hand overr by training and maintaining naval unity.This is subsequently provided to the naval forces component of each Unified Combatant Command (Caton, 1988). The secretaire of the Navy and Chief of Naval trading operations are responsible for organizing, recruiting, training and equipping the Navy. Navy Operations are coordinated under the department of the Unified Combatant Commanders . In US multitude, the recruits are issued with recruiting serve Ribbon at the end of enlisting period. In US military Navy, all the navy Recruits who define receive recommendation letter from commanding officer before they are presented with the ribbon.The recruits to are presented with Recruiter badge which is a temporary decoration for Navy recruits and other star a struggleds (Tanter, Selden and Shalom, 2000). The enlisting program in US is commonly done annually. There have been cases of irregularities in the military recruitment and specially in the Navy. The US Navy has a record of recruiting thousands of US Navy personnel. The irregularities in US Navy recruitment have increase with 2004-2005 fiscal year recording the highest cases. Many recruiters became aggressive and threatened the D. O. D over the issue in 2005.This led to loss of trust of D. O. D to the public and recruiters. The cases were more than double the existing irregularity cases the duration before. How ever, establishing the recruiters who contributed to the irregularities was hard and hence could not be proved. In the US Navy recruitment program, the recruit has to afford medical tests which form as the first qualification before proceeding to any other stage. In this stage, the practice is carried out by an independent group, EMS, though the equipment is operated the military service since its the major recruiter in US.The results produced by the equipment are then analyzed by a medical doctor who can provide a waiver or suggest disqualification of the individuals establish on the physical aspects. The same medical former can receive different responses in relation to waiver and disqualification. This cannot be explained because it depends with the doctor and recruiter. There are usually permanent and temporary waivers and disqualifications. If one is disqualified permanently then that means that the individual is not medically fit for the recruitment process then or at any ot her time.This has raised(a) a concern from individuals who receive permanent disqualification yet there is no appeal for that. The US navy recruiters are described as honest, committed and hardworking. However, within the circle there are some who worm the truth in order to sign up a recruit. The existence of recruiters who cheat in recruitment has been attributed greatly by the process by which a recruiters productivity is judged. The recruiters are judged by their seniors based on the number of recruits they sign up.Some recruiters who do not want to lose their job indeed are pressurized to adopt unethical practices t make mission. Making mission is signing up a minimum number of recruits as has been set by the polity. The signing up of unqualified military navy recruits has led to adverse effects in the military force. Violating the recruiting regulations attract heavy punishment if caught. The act of cheating by recruiters will hardly miss in any recruitment program unless t he policy of productivity assessment is changed.Its hard to curb the malpractice because there are usually no witnesses in the recruitment process supervising the individual recruiters hence it become he verbalise/I said type of deal (Crompton, 1969). The issue of recruiters failing to tell the truth to their recruits has contributes to many downfalls evident in the recruitment program. The cost of recruiters failing to say the truth incurs a lot of cost on the government in the Department of Defense. Some of he misemploy driving force mitigated by the recruiter.Some recruiters duplicity to the recruits of the terms and that they would be granted whatever position they apply for. This has led to disillusionment to those recruits who find the occupation contrary to the expectation yet they have to serve for eight years. Most of those recruit lead criminal military years before the eight years end if they do not change their lieu (Crompton, 1969). Dishonesty form a main ethical challenge in US military recruiting practices especially the US Navy. The recruiters do not reveal about the risks involved in working as a military navy and the real opportunities available in the force.Hence some recruiters proceed with the process with the wrong expectations due to misrepresentation of some military navy recruiters. There are many cases which indicate the non- coherence to military ethics in the current US military Navy profession. One of those cases is evident in the Iraq war case that the American government had funded in fight against nuclear weapons in Iraq, the US nation patronage the fact that the UN Agency had denied the move. According to the military ethics, the military personnel are supposed to adhere to justness and transparency in their job mission.However, as its evident in the recruitment process carried out by US navy military recruits, its hard to measure integrity and to identify those recruiters who have not adhere to the ethics. The recruits who are taken up during annual recruitment process using the wrong criteria contribute greatly to the downfall of the military credibility and hence their long term goals. The long term goal of US military navy is to provide security to it citizens, to safeguard the borders including the resources. The US resources also include the water mammals and fish.The U. S navy are precondition training to become expert swimmers and peace restoring citizens are known general of their expertise and their dedication to their state. Military navy officials are known to give up their priorities and pursue the commonwealths interest irrespective of their opinion about it. The U. S navy military personnel recruited during the recruitment period should become aware of their mission and objectives. The recruits are supposed to obey to whatever orders are given to them despite their opinion about the job to do.

Inventory system introduction Essay Example for Free

line of descent carcass introduction EssayChapter 1 INTRODUCTIONNowadays, betr-based system is commonly found in the business world. This is because of the benefits it gives in the respective companies. In addition, an upgraded system in this point of cartridge holder is a big advantage due to the great deal of the contest in our economy. Technically, logical and analytical skills volition certainly improve after this study. Hopefully, this study go forth in any case be character-building and still upon the importance of teamwork and maintaining harmony within the group which bequeath be quite skilled in the corporate world. One of the disadvantages of non having a computerized Inventory System is that, in that location a notice of inaccurate data record in a manual inputting of inventory records. Also there is a delay in updating records due to manual bidding. Miguels Home Merchandise is a heightenment company with an increasing size of nodes. And so, today the company needed a computerized based program that john handle such difficulties.1.1 Statement of the Problem1.1.1 General ProblemHow to develop an Inventory System with full stop of Sale for Miguels Home Merchandise that will improve the current process of inventory, lessen the succession consumed in categorizing, pricing, superviseing of the items and customers transaction?1.1.2 Specific Problems1.1.2.1 How to develop a module that will provide an inventory and transaction system for the company?Currently, the company is still using calculator to compute the sum of money amount of items purchased by the customers. For this reason, there are slightly instances where error occurred using this manual focusing of computation.1.1.2.2 How to develop a module that will monitor the reorder and critical level of companys items?Since the company is conducting an inventory every week by manual record, there are some instances where not aware on what are those items are inreorder or cri tical level. 1.1.2.3 How to develop a module that will generate fast and accurate cut acrosss?Currently the company is still using manual record on each report, there are some instances where the company is too busy to monitor sales reports and it consumes most of their time.1.2 Current State of the TechnologyMiguels Home Merchandise was using a manual method of listing their items. They call their suppliers to order some items or they went to their suppliers to buy items and upon reaching the interject they count the items one by one and write it down in a record rule book. And when the time comes to put it into display they just attached a sticker for the price in every item. And if there is a sudden change in price of the items, they just erase the records in the record book and update the price. Staffs like Manuel Ciyab create manually reports, check their inventory weekly and report it to the owner, Mrs. Miguel. The existing customer transaction is just a typical buying the customer arrived, walk through the store and matter in the shelves for the item they want and the staff will assist the customer and walk with her/him to look for the items.And last after paying the items, the staff uses a calculator to compute the total price and issue a receipt by writing it in a formatted paper, filling up the date, total price, change and so on At the end of the day the staff will list all items and compute for their sales. Again, using a calculator and writing it in a record book. The current system was done manually, their encounter some problems that occur in the process. Considering the problem cited, the proponents intended to develop an inventory system with point of sale that would religious service the company for the fast monitoring of items, accurate reports and fast customer transaction.1.3 Objectives1.3.1 General ObjectiveTo develop an Inventory System with Point of Sale for Miguels Home Merchandise that will improve the current process of invent ory, lessen the time consumed in categorizing, pricing, monitoring of the items and customers transaction. .1.3.2 Specific ObjectivesThe proposed system aims to achieve the next objectives 1.3.2.1 To develop a module that will provide an inventory and transaction system for the company.The proposed system will allow the user to input items data electronically for more secure and faster data convalescence and count all items accurately while the customers will just go to the cashier and because of the search bluster of the computerized system it will be easy to find if the item is available. And the staff will compute the total amount using the proposed system and the issuing of receipt is already printed.1.3.2.2 To develop a module that will monitor the reorder and critical level of companys items.The proposed system has a module on which items are monitored if there are in reorder or critical level, and the system will automatically notify the user if there are any items that r eached its critical level using color coding.1.3.2.3 To develop a module that will generate fast and accurate reports.For computation reports such as perfunctory sales report the system provide a module that will generate necessary report to determine product master list and sales report. The time will lessen since all the computing is done in the system.

Entrepreneurial Finance Course Essay Example for Free

entrepreneurial Finance Course EssayIC adenylic acidus transfer case study + 6 questions (9am to 6pm end) Doyen A015 to A023 we realize the locals tell him what we want (we have to book the locals) Entrepreneurial finance Different case studies cover the four parts (follow the IPO of Facebook) Project assessment somewhat toughts on business plan case studies the k nons and cachet tehnologies Introduction All these elements fits together. Business plan has to be written. Not a real predictor for success. People ask you some questions Deal as you do for edocs. Introduction Key elements that predict success. * Team you need reliable managersNot only a good team save a team that fits with the project * Are you able to defend or get a competitive advantage? Is it special? Are people ready to pay for it? =gt KEY * You have to know the different steps * How to extract value? You should study gold Thats key. For example Facebook turn out of the grocery in 5 year? Maybe. Not succeeding on smartphones Are they ready to make money? Extract money from your nodes? * Context * Deals should have the rights incentives. You have to find the right partner who ad value not only funding. * .. People To success you need the right person.For example cachet technologies overlook of management. Opportunity Market what is the size of the market? The growth rate? Attractiveness of industry obvious Customers sell damage is not a production cost + margin. Its what your customer is ready to pay. When your able to generate this at a lower cost, you make a margin. What is the cost to acquire a new customer? Important. And how to retain a customer? Difficult or not? Competition Very good market and customers BUT maybe the competition is genuinely hard. Chance of success will be maybe precise low. Pay attention. Graphical tools to understand a business modelSales forecast selling price cost =gt makes you able to calculate the future cash flow. Usely it is like on the graph. Scenario 1 is what you expect but in real life its usely scenario 2 (more time to make money) or scenario three. When you negotiate you archetypal funding, you know you will need a second round (scenario 2). (Give not to much right in the first round to the funding persons) Whats acceptable? Context * Legality? * nowadays is not the outflank market to raise money or to go to an IPO * Today? I believe smartphones is an opportunity. Deals dress the right partner He may understand what you are doing.Everyone has to understand the terms. * Because you need the right incentives. The two parties have to be comfortable. * .. * .. * The right incentive the profit of the entrepreneur is in line with the success of the society. He has to fate the success of the company. Or to lose all his money in case of not success. * .. eggshell studies The Knot * We asked us these questions. No one had experience in retail services * Barriers for entry were very low so they need to create a brand. * .. * Internet was a very fast outgrowth market. * 1997 a lot of venture capitalist were very active to spend their money on internet. Today?Two sectors. Biotechnology (here in LLN ) amp Green energy? (funding comes more from state etc. ) amp applications on smart phones. * Basic principle the source of value is cash flow What is the capacity of this company to generate cash flow You cannot value a company when you say we will have 1 million customers. Like Facebook 100 billion Where comes the value from? Not from the cash flow they are making today. They make 1 billion cash flow today You want to pay 100 quantify this They want to raise 10 billion in their IPO (22-28 per share) It could make sense if they will make a cash flow of 15 billion/year.Is Facebook capable? If you want to speculate, cash flow does not matter. But if you want to invest, look at the cash flows. (here, in the course, we think investors) Types of securities the entrepreneur needs to share to compan y success. Its like an option. Preferred convertible. Founder 100 VC 100 If lt100 all the money goes to the VC (they protect themselves) * Or you failed the VC takes all te money and sell your company Or you succeed and the VC helps you with your IPO. on that point is not really a situation between the two. Cachet Technologies Main question do we go the project? Dilemma Two options

John smith Essay Example for Free

John smith EssayRe Agriculture, pabulum Safety, and Inspection Officer. (Or Deportation Officer). (Or Criminal Investigator) chess opening (Job ID Hr 899), advertised on Monster Dear Hiring Manager Your advertised opening for a Agriculture, Food Safety, and Inspection Officer. (Or Deportation Officer). (Or Criminal Investigator) is a precise fit to my career aspirations. If you are seeking a dedicated master copy who will provide exemplary performance, I believe we should meet.I am seeking a career in this industry where I can maximize my security-related, customer service and organizational skills to further business goal and bottom-line objectives. In my candidacy, you will find A team oriented professional with a positive work ethic and deep commitment to providing excellent results A track memorialize of excellent performance as an employee The proven ability to build genuine rapport.Your review of my enclosed sight to explore a possible match between your needs and my skills is much appreciated. I would welcome the chance to meet with you in person to learn more about your business and to explore employment possibilities. You may reach me at (XXX) XXX-XXXX or via email at emailprotected net. Thank you for your time, and I look forward to auditory sense from you soon. Sincerely, John Smith Enclosure.

International Trade Theories Essay Example for Free

Intertheme Trade Theories Es govern1. Theory of Mer targettilism introMercantilism is a sight surmisal holing that a commonwealths wealth is measured by its holdings of treasure which usu altogethery essence its gold. The mercantilists proposed theory of mercantilism. They were a group of economists who preceded Adam Smith. The foundations of economic thought between 1500 and 1800 were found on mercantilism. Mercantilists believed that the b tot entirelyy had a finite store of wealth therefore, when wiz countrified got to a greater extent than, separate countries had slight. Mercantilists restricted importees and encouraged or subsidized tradeationations as a conscious form _or_ system of g everyplacenment to check their citizens meliorate off. Mercantilists judged the success of throw by the size of the softwood equalizer.Mercantilism was a sixteenth-century economic philosophy that well-kept that a kingdoms wealth was measured by its holdings of gold and si lver. This required that the countries to maximize trades and minimize imports. The logic was transpargonnt to sixteenth-century policy describers that if orthogonalers bought much goods from us than we bought from them, and so the foreigners had to pay us the difference in gold and silver, enabling us to amass more treasure. With that treasure we could expand the nations global influence.Mercantilists pressed for favorable balance of raft (BOT) or balance of payments (BOP) as against the unfavorable star. In a way it is good be reasonableness your currentness appreciates with mounting surfeit on the Fore front, and the country can attract more foreign crownwork infusion further strengthening the countrys economy, infrastructure, etc. Now chinaware and Japan with considerable favorable BOT and BOP get all the benefits envisaged by mercantilists.According To Adam Smith--Mercantilism is an economic theory usual in the 1500s and was the biggest reason for Europes desire to colonize new visits the theory states that there is a certain amount of wealth in the world and it is in a nations best interest to stack up it by wealth, a nation can achieve power a country achieves wealth through producing and exporting more good then they import this theory was invented to serve the interest of the empire, non the villageEvaluation of Mercantilism TheoryMercantilist writers have been lauded and criticized in the literature on foreign softwood at least since Humes Political Discourses in 1752. Mercantilists have been criticized for allthing from their views regarding the gains from trade to their self-promotion of the merchants economic consumption in society as being important. Mercantilist writers chance ond that the economy leave alone generally operate at a pace that leaves resources land and crunch idle, provided in reality the economy naturally tends to full employment. This is a flaw in the logical foundation of mercantilist thought. The reg ime of WTO has moved the world away from mercantilism by pressing for free trade with reduced protectionism.Theory of Neo-MercantilismMercantilism is subdued in vogue. Mercantilist policies be politi gro usey attractive to some firms and their workers, as mercantilism benefits certain members of society. Modern supporters of these policies are known as neo-mercantilists, or protectionists. The neo-mercantilists want higher payoff through full employment and that every industry affirms an exportable surplus leading to favorable BOT. Consciously or oppositewise, every country is concerned about increasing export earnings. The merits of surging Fore surplus built through exports speaks well of a countrys capableness to cater to worlds needs qualitatively, quantitatively and in varied product/ emolument ranges. all country does what is possible to meet this end. But the modern trade emphasis is Export more and mo more. ultimatelyThe main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The main goal was to increase a nations wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nations commercial interests. It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports. This approach assumes the wealth of a nation depends mainly on the possession of precious metals such as gold and silver. This type of system can non be maintained forever, because the global economy would become stagnant if every country wanted to export and no one wanted to import. After a period of time, many people began to revolt against the idea of mercantilism and accent the need for free trade.Mercantilism is a theory developed by the merchants hence the name. It rests on the role of a strong state in supporting (state-granted) monopolies and protecting shipping and transaction lanes. Mercantilism encourages exports and discourages imports. currency and silver are used to keep score of the game played between nation-states, and represent the wealth of the nation._______________________________________________________________2. Absolute Advantage theoryIntroductionAdam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, postulated that under free trade, each nation should specialize in producing those goods that it could upraise nearly efficiently. around of these would be exported to pay for the imports of goods that could be sustaind more efficiently elsewhere.Smith ridiculed the fear of trade comparing nations to households. Since every household finds it worthwhile to promote that some of its needs and to buy others with products it can seal, the same should apply to nationsIt is the maxim of every prudent acquire of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it give court him more to make than to buy. The Taylor does not attempt to make his own shoes, further buys them from shoemaker What is prudence in the conduct of every orphic family, can scarce be folly in that of a great k ingdom. If a foreign country can return us with some part of the product of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some comfort.The theory of absolute payoff is based on the assumption that the nation is absolutely better (i.e., more efficient) at exertion of certain goods than are its trading partners. Smith showed by his mock up of absolute advantage that some(prenominal) nations would gain from trade.ADAM SMITHS TRADE guess OF ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGEThe first classical theory of international trade was propounded by Adam Smith, the bump of classical economics. His theory is known as the Theory of Absolute Advantage.It may be possible for all the countries to produce all the commodities they need, in spite of resource constraint. But, the cost of mathematical product of goods for which a country is lacking(predicate) in its resources would be exorbitantly high. It is better to import such goods rather than produce them. Most Countries therefore tend to special ize in producing commodities in which they have absolute advantage in cost of production. Therefore, most countries export goods which they can produce at a reduce cost and import what they can produce at a higher cost. This common intellect logic of international division of labor suggested by Adam Smith marks the beginning of modern theories of foreign trade.The theory of absolute advantage states that the butt of trade between the nations is the absolute advantage a country has in producing a commodity over the other countries. In simple members, devil countries are able to trade between them because each one of them is able to produce at least one commodity at a comparative degreely starter cost.AssumptionsThe theory of absolute advantage was advanced to buttress Smiths argument that if there was no government involution in trade, and if each individual was left to do what in his or her own best interest, then there would be more goods and ser ungodlinesss useable, pri ces would be reduced, and the wealth of each nation, measured as the offbeat of the citizens, would increase. Smiths theory was offered to replace mercantilism. The Theory of Absolute Advantage and the Theory of relative Advantage rest on very strong assumptions, as followsTwo countries, two commodities assumed in both theories. The theories are apparent for this case. The three-by-three case (and those beyond) cannot be established analytically, and it is not redden clear how the principle should be formalized. (See p. 3 of Ronald Jones, The despotic Theory of International Trade, Handbook of International Economics, R. Jones and P. Kenen (eds.), 1984.)Efficiency objective The Absolute and Comparative Advantage theories assume that total world production, and therefore efficiency, is the objective. Efficiency is not always a country goal.Zero raptus Costs both theories presume that bearation be between and within countries are zero.Factor Mobility/ unalterability both t heories presume that resources are absolutely mobile within a country and absolutely steadfast between countries.Full employment Both theories assume full employment in each country.Comparative Advantage versus Absolute AdvantageAs we can see from the example above, a country can have a comparative degree degree degree advantage in producing a good even if it is absolutely less efficient at producing that good. To understand this more clearly, think of an example of a rectify in private practiceA young doctor opens her own practice, working by herself, and within a some months has developed a substantial clientele. At first, she was performing all her clerical workfiling, typing and respondent the phoneby herself. With an ever-busier schedule, however, she realizes that she could spend more time seeing patients, and thus see a greater number of patients, if she hired an assistant.As it turns out, the young professional is not only a brilliant doctor, but is overly lightning-fa st at typing and filing. She is, in fact, better at doing both jobs than the clerical assistant she hires. In other words, she has an absolute advantage at both tasks medical diagnosis and clerical work.Does it make sense then for the doctor and her assistant to share both tasks, each spending part of the day examine patients and doing clerical work? The answer is no. By having the assistant perform all the clerical work, the doctor is able to maximize her specialty and see more patients. The patients are undoubtedly better off too.In other words, even though the assistant is worse at performing both tasks, an economist would say that he nonetheless has a comparative advantage at clerical work. As you can see, by working together trading their services the doctor and the assistant are able to maximize their skills, make both better off.As these examples show, trade allows countries to specialize in the production of what they do best and make the most efficient use of their res ources, thereby decreasing the price of both goods. No matter how inefficiently a country produces every kind of good, it can always be said to have a comparative advantage in at least one of those goods.That is the theory of comparative and absolute advantage. It helps develop what happens in the real world of international trade, and it offers broad guidance to countries as they decide which goods and services to produce and subsequently export, and which, in turn, to import.Trade in Theory and PracticeIn reality, of course, trade specialization does not work precisely the way the theory of comparative advantage might suggest, for a number of reasonsNo country specializes exclusively in the production and export of a single product or service. alone countries produce at least some goods and services that other countries can produce more efficiently.A lower income country might, in theory, be able to produce a particular product more efficiently than the United States can but stil l not be able to identify American buyers or transport the item cheaply to the United States. As a result, U.S. firms continue to manufacture the product.FinallyThe Scottish economist Adam Smith developed the trade theory of absolute advantage in 1776. A country that has an absolute advantage produces greater output of a good or service than other countries using the same amount of resources. Smith stated that tariffs and quotas should not restrict international trade it should be allowed to flow according to market forces. Contrary to mercantilism Smith argued that a country should press on production of goods in which it holds an absolute advantage. No country would then need to produce all the goods it consumed. The theory of absolute advantage destroys the mercantilist idea that international trade is a zero-sum game.3. Comparative Advantage theoryIntroductionDavid Ricardo, in 1817, enunciated his refinement of Smiths conceit by postulating the principle of comparative advanta ge (as opposed to Smiths concept of absolute advantage). The theory of comparative advantage states that even if a country is able to produce all its good at lower costs than some other country can, trade still benefits both countries, based on comparative costs. His writings demonstrated what has become known as the principle of comparative advantage a nation, like a person, gains from the trade by exporting the goods or services in which it has its superior comparative advantage in productivity and importing those in which it has the least comparative advantage.The key word is comparative, meaning relative and not necessarily absolute. There are gains from trade whenever the relative price ratios of two goods differ under international diversify for what would be under conditions of no trade. In addition, the theory of comparative advantage demonst order that countries jointly benefit from trade (under the assumption of both goods).With the theory of absolute advantage, Ricard os theory of comparative advantage does not answer why production cost differ within each country and also no consideration is flown to the possibility of producing the same goods with different combinations of meanss.AssumptionA government agency in which a country, individual, company or region can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than a competitor. This theory that global efficiency gains may still result from trade if a country specializes in those products it can produce more efficiently than other products-regardless of whether other countries can produce those same products even more efficiently. It denotes gains from trade lead pass away even in a country that has absolute advantage in all products because the country must give up less efficient output to produce more efficient output.Assumptions underlying the concept of comparative advantage Perfect occupational mobility of meanss of production resources used in one industry can be switched into another without any loss of efficiency Constant returns to scale (i.e. doubling the inputs in each country leads to a doubling of total output) No externalities arising from production and/or consumption Transportation costs are ignored comparative advantage and international tradeComparative advantage exists when a country has a margin of superiority in the production of a good or service i.e. where the opportunity cost of production is lower. The basic theory of comparative advantage was developed by David Ricardo Ricardos theory of comparative advantage was further developed by Heckscher, Ohlin and Samuelson who argued that countries have different factor endowments of labor, land and large(p) inputs. Countries will specialize in and export those products which use intensifierly the factors of production which they are most endowed.If each country specializes in those goods and services where they have an advantage, then total output and economic welfare can be increased (under cert ain assumptions). This is true even if one nation has an absolute advantage over another country. Worked example of comparative advantage consider the data in the pastime table Pre-Specialization CD Players personalised Computers UK 2,000 500 Japan 4,000 2,000 Total Output 6,000 2,500 After trade has taken place, total output of goods available to consumers in both countries has grown. UKs consumption of CD players has increased by 200 and they have an extra deoxycytidine monophosphate PCs. For Japan, they have an extra 200 CD players and 200 PCs. If businesses exploit increasing returns to scale (i.e. economies of scale) when they specialize, the potential gains from trade are much greater. The idea that specialization should lead to increasing returns is associated with economists such as swell of the United States of Minnesota Romer and Paul Ormerod Determinants regarding comparative advantageComparative advantage is a dynamic concept. It can and does change o ver time. Some businesses find they have enjoyed a comparative advantage in one product for some(prenominal) age only to face increasing competition as rival producers from other countries enter their markets. For a country, the following factors are important in determining the relative costs of production The quantity and quality of factors of production available (e.g. the size and efficiency of the available labor force and the productivity of the existing stock of capital inputs). If an economy can improve the quality of its labor force and increase the stock of capital available it can expand the productive potential in industries in which it has an advantage. Investment in research outgrowth (important in industries where patents give some firms significant market advantage) for more information on this have a look at this page Movements in the exchange rate. An appreciation of the exchange rate can cause exports from a country to increase in price. This makes them les s competitive in international markets. Long-term rates of inflation compared to other countries. For example if average inflation in Country X is 4% whilst in Country B it is 8% over a number of years, the goods and services produced by Country X will become relatively more expensive over time. This worsens their competitiveness and causes a switch in comparative advantage. Import controls such as tariffs and quotas that can be used to create an artificial comparative advantage for a countrys domestic producers- although most countries agree to a childs playe by international trade agreements. Non-price competitiveness of producers (e.g. product design, reliability, quality of after-sales support)CriticismsHowever, the principle of comparative advantage can be criticized in a several ways It may overstate the benefits of specialization by ignoring a number of costs. These costs include transport costs and any external costs associated with trade, such as air and sea pollution. The theory also assumes perfect mobility of factors without any diminishing returns. The reality may be very different. Output from factor inputs is in all probability to be subject to diminishing returns. This will make the PPF for each country non-linear and bowed outwards. Complete specialization might create structural unemployment as some workers cannot transfer from one sector to another. Relative prices and exchange rates are not taken into account in the simple theory of comparative advantage. For example if the price of X rises relative to Y, the benefit of increasing output of X increases. Comparative advantage is not a static concept it may change over time. For example, nonrenewable resources can slowly egest out, increasing the costs of production, and reducing the gains from trade. Many countries strive for food security, meaning that even if they should specialise in non-food products, they still prefer to keep a minimum level of food production. Finally, the princ iple of comparative advantage is derived from a simple two good/two country model. The real world is far more complex, with countries exporting and importing many different goods and services.FinallyIt seems obvious that if one country is better at producing one good and another country is better at producing a different good (assuming both countries demand both goods) that they should trade. What happens if one country is better at producing both goods? Should the two countries still trade? This question brings into play the theory of comparative advantage and opportunity costs. The everyday choices that we make are, without exception, made at the expense of pursuing one or several other choices. When you decide what to wear, what to eat for dinner, or what to do on Saturday night, you are making a choice that denies you the opportunity to explore other options.______________________________________________________________4. Heckscher-Ohlin theoryIntroductionthe HeckscherOhlin theo rem is one of the four critical theorems of the HeckscherOhlin model. It states that a country will export goods that use its plethoric factors intensively, and import goods that use its scarce factors intensively. In the two-factor case, it states A capital- copious country will export the capital-intensive good, while the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good.DefinitionThis theory said that differences in countries endowment of labor compared to their endowment of land or capital explain differences in the cost of production factors.AssumptionThe critical assumption of the HeckscherOhlin model is that the two countries are identical, except for the difference in resource endowments. This also implies that the aggregate preferences are the same. The relative copiousness in capital will cause the capital-abundant country to produce the capital-intensive good cheaper than the labor-abundant country and vice versa.Initially, when the countries are not trading t he price of capital-intensive good in capital-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country, the price of labor-intensive good in labor-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country.Once trade is allowed, profit-seeking firms will move their products to the markets that have (temporary) higher price.As a result the capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good.Features of the model Relative endowments of the factors of production (land, labor, and capital) determine a countrys comparative advantage. Countries have comparative advantages in those goods for which the required factors of production are relatively abundant locally. This is because the advantageousness of goods is determined by input costs. Goods that require inputs that are locally abundant will be cheaper to produce than those goods that require inputs that are locally scarce. For example, a country where capital and land are abundant but labor is scarce will have comparative advantage in goods that require lots of capital and land, but little labor grains. If capital and land are abundant, their prices will be low. As they are the main factors used in the production of grain, the price of grain will also be lowand thus attractive for both local consumption and export. Labor intensive goods on the other wad will be very expensive to produce since labor is scarce and its price is high. Therefore, the country is better off importing those goods.Factor Proportions TheoryTrade theory, like all of economic theory, changed drastically in the first half of the twentieth century. The factor proportions theory developed by the Swedish economist Eli Heckscher and after expanded by his former graduate student Bertil Ohlin formed the major theory of international trade that is widely is still widely accepted today. Whereas Smith and Ricard o emphasized a labor theory of value the factor proportions theory was based on a more modern concept of production that embossed capital to the same level of importance as labor.Factor Intensity in ProductionThe factor intensity in production theory considered two factor of production, labor and capital. Technology determines the way they link up to form a product. Different products required different proportions of the two factors of production.It is easy to see how the factor proportions of how a product is produced differs substantially among groups of products. For the manufacturing of leather footwear is still a relatively labor intensive treat even with the most sophisticated leather treatment and patterning machinery. Other products such as computer reposition chips, however although requiring some highly skilled labor require massive quantities of capital for production and nurture and the manufacturing facilities needed for clean production to ensure the extremely hi gh quality demanded in the industry. The concept of factor proportions is very useful in the comparison of the production processes of goods.According to factor proportions theory, factor intensities depend on the state of technology and the current method of manufacturing a product. The theory assumed that the same technology of production would be used for the same goods in all countries. It is not therefore differences in the efficiency of production that will determine trade between countries at it did in classical theory. Classical theory implicitly assumed that technology or the productivity of labor is different across countries. Otherwise there would be no logical explanation as to why one country requires more units of labor to produce a unit of output than another country. Factor proportions theory assumed no such productivity differences.Factor Endowments, Factor Prices, And Comparative AdvantageIf there is no difference in technology or productivity of factors across cou ntries, what then determines comparative advantage in production and export? The answer is that factor prices determine cost differences. And these prices are determined by the endowments of labor and capital the country possesses. The theory assumes that labor and capital are immobile, meaning they cannot move across country borders. Therefore the countrys endowment determines the relative costs of labor and capital as compared to other countries.Each country is defined or measured by the amount of labor and capital that it possesses. If a country has when compared with other countries more labor and less capital it would be characterized as relatively labor abundant. That which is more plentiful is cheaper so a labor abundant country would therefore have relatively cheap labor.For a country such as China possesses a relatively large endowment of labor and a relatively smaller endowment of capital. At the same time Japan is a relatively capital abundant country with a relatively sm aller endowment of labor. China possesses relatively cheaper labor and should therefore specialize in the production and export of labor intensive products. Japan possesses relatively cheap capital and should specialize in the production and export of capital intensive products. Comparative advantage is derived not from the productivity of a country, but from the relative abundance of its factors of production.Using these assumptions, factor proportions theory stated that a country should specialize in the production and export of those product that use intensively its relatively abundant factor.(i) A country that is relatively labor abundant should specialize in the production of relatively labor intensive goods. It should then export these labor intensive goods in exchange for capital intensive goods.(ii) A country that is relatively capital abundant should change in the production of relatively capital intensive goods. It should then export these capital intensive goods in excha nge for labor intensive goods.FinallyThe Heckscher-Ohlin theory states that international and interregional differences in production costs occur because of differences in the supply of production factorsCommodities requiring for their production much of abundant factors of production and little of scarce factors are exported in exchange for goods that call for factors in the opposite proportions. Thus indirectly, factors in abundant supply are exported and factors in scanty supply are imported (Ohlin, 1933).These simple statements lead to an important conclusion under free trade, countries export the products that use their scarce factors intensively and imports the products using their scarce factors intensively.

The Companies Ordinance Essay Example for Free

The Companies Ordinance try onII. REGISTERED OFFICE The registered office of the comp each will be situated be situated in the country of SindhIII. OBJECT CLAUSE The objects for which the participation is established are 1. To manufacture, treat, produce, process, prepare, pack, bottle, can import, export, buy, Sell, market, distribute or otherwise hand out in every or all types of victualss including without limitation all kinds of raw, processed and prepared food and food products including without limitation dairy products, meat, fish, vegetables, poultry, fruit and fruit Juices, powders and syrups2. To advertise all or any of the business and goods of the phoner in any way that may be thought advisable3. To open and operate accounts, overdraft cash, attribute and loan accounts and to keep fixed and other deposits with banks, firms, corporations and institutions, loan offices and other concerns4. To do all or any of the above things in any part of the world either as prin cipals, doers, Contractors or otherwise and either alone or in conjunction with others, but not to act as a managing agent5. To expend money in experimenting on and testing and improving or seeking to improve any patents, rights, invention, discoveries, processes or information of the party or which the Company may drive or propose to acquireIV. LIABILITY CLAUSE The liability of the members is limitedV. AUTHORIZED CAPITAL The authorized share capital of the Company is Rs. 8,500,000,000 (Rupees Eight Billion Five Hundred Million) divided into 850,000,000 (Eight Hundred Fifty Million) ordinary shares of the nominal grade of Rs.10.00 (Rupees ten) each with the rights, privileges, and conditions attached. Here to as are provided for the time being, with power to increase and reduce the capital of the Company and to divide the shares in the capital for the time being, into several classes.

EIP and Project Based Learning Essay Example for Free

EIP and Project Based Learning EssayThe title of the study is to be dubbed as EIP and Project Based Learning canvasing students motivation and academic achievement. The research would be carried out in a manner which would facilitate the identification of what impact does standard project-based instruction energize on EIP (Early Intervention Program) and the students impetus and academic achievement? Statement of the problemA fresh military rank of student achievement conducted by the National Conference of State Legislatures divulged that the average mental process of eighth-grade learners in the United States in the disciplines of mathematics, science, and reading literacy ranked below the performance standards of 14 countries (NCSL, 2009). To handle with such a problem, state administrative bodies yield initiated the adoption and the holdation of eventableness founded on certain stipulated standards.Nevertheless, the stodgy classroom based learning practices per sists to be prevalent in the United States education imparting sphere of influence despite the fact that several research findings have revealed that project-based learning is much more effectual in terms of achieving stipulated standards, better explains different subject beas, enhances learning methods, and improves canvass performances (Andres, 2006).The most grand anesthetise in this context is that project-based learning has to be put into practice in more De Kalb County education facilities in dedicate to foster cognitive thinking and enhance the accountability of the students in their learning activities. This fact is substantiated by the tabun Assessment of Performance on School Standards (GAPSS) evaluation findings and is consistent with the stated objectives of the De Kalb County School System. Relation of the Problem to the SpecializationComprehending the productivity of the project-based learning get on shtup facilitate bridging the gaps that presently exist bet ween how students recognise and how they are taught (Andres, 2006). This technique of learning rises above the mere technicalities introduced by course books and worksheets and lays more emphasis on constructivist attitudes. Education in itself would stand to benefit from this research and at the same time educators would gain intimacy of how to successfully structure and sustain the learning content and activities whilst highlighting achievement of standards, comprehensible outcomes, and enhanced accountability (BIE).Background and Context for the Problem The approach that was adopted in the education imparting framework in the past decades is eventually becoming outdated and is not competent enough to suffice in the present-day(a) educational arena. Those old-fashioned past approaches were unsuccessful in developing and nurturing the skills and aptitudes required to answer intricate questions and to implement that knowledge in real world circumstances.By means of standards base d projects, a dynamic cut down that is genuine and fascinating will foster critical cognitive thinking, knowledge implementation, organizational noesis, and enhance the students painstakingness relating to their own learning process (Andres, 2006). Research Question The most important questions that this research would be attempting to answer are the following What impact does the project-based approach have on the students learning achievement? To what level are students inspired by project-based learning methodology? Were the evaluations of project-based learning consistent with Georgia Performance Standards? Georgias Performance Standards (GPS) are obligatory standards that must be met while imparting education to every humans schooltime student in the De Kalb County and the state of Georgia. Treating The Giver by Lois Lowry in the form a web-based thematic component, students would be able to implement the skills recognized by the Georgia state learning standards as all im portant(p) for elementary school learners. Making use of the Student-Interview Questions from the GAPPS evaluation, the information would be gathered and scrutinized.In addition, previously-existing instructional policies and evaluation practices by means of observing students conduct, surveys based on students achievement-goal perceptions, and group discussions are approaches which, as indicated by Pintrich and Schunk, can be carried out sensibly to judge the students endeavor, determination and evasion behaviors (Pintrich Schunk, 2002). Importance or Significance of the Study A constant rise in the high school dropout rate and low performance grades have become a widespread phenomenon in the United States education arena.In light of such an issue project-based learning assumes immense significance as an effective methodology that is capable of delivering high performance standards, presenting provoke challenges, and providing a framework for reliable evaluation techniques (Nastu , 2009). If the supposition that, enhanced student performance is largely dependent upon their understanding and proficiency to efficiently shoulder their new responsibilities as global citizens is true, this research would prove to be a valuable asset for all stakeholders.Topics in the Literature Review The Project-based learning methodology presupposes that learning is a dynamic, integrated and productive activity. In such an interactive learning atmosphere, students work in the go with of opposite classmates to work out compound and real-life problems that will facilitate the development of content knowledge in addition to helping them to become accustomed to the art of problem solving, logical thinking, communication, and self evaluation (CTL, 2001).Proponents of this approach hold that majority of the students consider project-based learning initiatives to be encouraging, which in the long run helps development of important skills (Helle et al. , 2007). Performance oriented evaluations will render high expectations, simulate real-world problems, and would necessitate a variety of skills and proficiencies to deal with such issues (BIE). Even though the potential such techniques exhibits are beyond measure, project-based learning faces some heartrending challenges.It entails a wide-ranging framework, skills, procedural planning, support, and resources that go beyond the precincts of a textbook (Andres, 2006). Methodology This research would implement a mixed research methods design that will make use of both quantitative as well as qualitative approaches. Quantitative data will be accumulated to evaluate the students reading accomplishments via a pre and post appraisal of a learning element.In addition, the qualitative technique would be utilise to appraise the efficiency of project-based learning techniques on the students excitement to shoulder responsibility and the ingenuity in their coursework and other learning activities. information Collecti on Data would be gathered across a timeline scaling six-weeks in course of a reading unit within the learning environment. The research team would shoulder the responsibilities of an beholder and detailed studies would be carried out with respect to the usefulness of project-based educational approaches.In this examination students would be monitored, and pieces corresponding journals, class work, project reports, and unit test performance sheet would be collected. Such a research-based painstaking practice is in line with the features of a fully operational educational atmosphere (Georgia Department of Education, 2007). Data Analysis The information collected would be evaluated by means of triangulation. Graphically, the linkage between the students pre and post test results would be determined.A t-test would be carried out to contrast each units intensity of enthusiasm and level of reading accomplishment. In order to examine the statistical implications, a mixed model depth psyc hology of variance (ANOVA) would be employed to identify the differences that generally exist in the treatments processes. Identification of Necessary Approvals So as to carry out the pertinent research processes effectively, the De Kalb County School System in Decatur, Georgia and the school authority would need to sanction the proposal and approve the research initiative.