Does The Media Influence The Way People Think?

Does The Media cultivate The Way People Think?It is the responsibility of intellectuals to speak the truth and expose lies (Chomsky, 2008). In what way does data transmitted by the media influence the way people think? How we relate our values, attitude and beliefs about the man and others (Stuart, 2005). corn dodger News and the BBC ar all well known examples of broadcast journalism (Hackett, 1999) and amaze been the guidance of this research. The media plays a fundamental role in shaping societies opinions about portentous issues (Asmal, 2008), the af marginath of 9/11 and 7/7 bombings medias impact still resonates throughout the world today, especially its impact on those who fall the Islamic faith. This paper highlights responses to media representations of Muslims and Islam in general. The main areas of interest for this piece of work will be the psychological explanations the current perceptions of Islam and its link to the media and whether factors such as religious b ackground, gender and critical thinking skills have an incumbrance on those for attitudes formed through the media.News Media Broadcasts Impact and BiasBroadcast journalism is a term that refers to news show media in which information and current events are presented through electronic media, earlier through video recording news programs (disserbookblue). Media broadcasts such as these are responsible for the way news is gathered and transmitted, which is also applicable in governmental processes (Stuart, 2005).They tend to be a persuasive source of information, in the sense that it primarily has the potential to control to some extent the minds of the viewers, which in this case is the ultimate aim in fare of power, usually indirect. Whilst the control of intentions, opinions, beliefs or knowledge acquired are that news can and ought to be a equilibrate objective reflection of social reality the political attitudes of journalist or editorial decision makers are a major dete rminant of the news separatrix (Hackett, 1999).Chompsky,1987, felt that whilst it is the intended purpose to empower the state-supported to voice their opinion and control the government this is not how it is always used. Instead he presumes that the American media industriousness consists of myth makes that shape and restrict information which move the public to apathy and detachment and as a consequence allow the elite to run the country as they please. Chomsky felt that values such as democracy and freedom must be mobilized to protect are but they are instead exist by the unregulated control of those who own the media. (Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2009).Nevertheless media ownership is a very(prenominal) significant factor to keep in mind when considering media bias (Besley Prat 2004, Djankovet al. 2003). In the context of news, media bias is very well documented, a popular example that has been referred to very often is American news broadcast contribute Fox Ne ws. Findings from previous research such as . have found drastically different assertions from the warfare on terror and Islamic representation to recent political process in regard to Americas presidential campaign (Vigna and Kaplan, 2005). I challenge anybody to show me an example of bias in Fox News Channel.Rupert Murdoch (Salon, 3/1/01)The 24-hour Fox News channel is privately owned by Rupert Murdoch and was introduced in October 1996 to compete with CNN. By June 2000, 17.3 percent of the US population reported watching Fox News regularly (Scarborough Research data). Fox News coverage, however, is unique among the video media. Fox News is significantly to the right of all the other mainstream television networks (ABC, CBS, CNN, and NBC) (Groseclose and Milyo, 2005).However media bias generated by ownership can simply be explained through news consumption, which demands media to leave news caters to different audiences. (Mullainathan and Shleifer 2005, Gabszewicz, Laussel and S onnac 2001). Empirical evidence to support this notion was adopted by a come after conducted by Pollingpoint based on 73,969 online interviews with U.S. adults aged 18 and older carried out from the 1st of October to the 21st of October 2004. These findings near describe the relationship between the viewers and news broadcasting channels, especially in relation to political identity (democrat or republican) and their valuations of TV networks. Nine in ten Republicans stated that FOX News offers the crush news coverage among television networks, whereas Democrats seemed to have divided their loyalty among PBS and CNN with nearly 70 % fitting one of the two as the best news source. The chart highlighted different preferences for different news, there all the way seems to be a demand for certain news by different segments of consumers. Therefore media firms provide professed bias to cater to this demand (Mullainathan Shleifer, 2005).Media bias tends to emerge in the form of optim al slanting strategies of news providers because their commit audience want certain (albeit different) degree and direction of slant. Thus, the extent of media bias is mainly the result of consumer heterogeneity (dissimilarity). This is intuitive. After all, if there is a need and demand for slanting news, privately owned media will have an incentive to satisfy that need. Apart from Mullainathan Shleifer (2005), Gentzkow Shapriro (2004) also argue that media bias may emerge from competing media catering to biased viewers beliefs but in their paper the mechanism is slightly different viewers consider the news that are consistent with their prior expectations of high quality (Xiang 2005).

Differences between Windows Version 1.0.2 and 1.0.3:

Differences amongst Windows Version 1.0.2 and 1.0.3Windows magnetic declinationChanges amid 1.0.2 and 1.0.3 television receiver takes* desex social movement picture recording quality when resizing the scene on Windows Vista and 7, due to regressions in most popular drivers* upstart deinterlacers mental facultys base on yadif and yadif(x2) algorithmsDecoders* Windows s carriage stick outs flat natively the WMA Professional codec, as itdidnt work in the packaged version of 1.0.2* piece downmixing of particual 4.0 AC-3 strait tracksEncoders* x264 has profile-limitter, uniformtranscodevcodec=h264,venc=x264profile=baseline,level=12..Input* Update for appletrailers lua script* Fixes on the RAR pelt drip* Fix for E-AC3 in ATSC/TS streams* various(a) fixes for v4l and v4l2* Fix a crash in mjpeg demuxerService discovery* New udev faculty for linuxQt4 employr embrasure* Fixes on the playlist and the stream output panelsTranslations* French, Galician, Korean, Polish, R ussian, Romanian, Slovak and Ukrainian updatesChanges between 1.0.1 and 1.0.2Decoders* Native aver for WMA Professional, without the use of the Win32 dlls* Fix issues in subtitles, especially SSA unrivaleds* sundry(a) fixes on theora and oggDemuxers* Various fixes for EPG bear in MPEG-TS demuxer* Fixes for potential stack spill over in .avi, .mp4 and .asf demuxers entranceway* Fixes for v4l2 devices* Fixes for dvb-c channels-scanningQt embrasure* Fix some playlist sorting issuesmackintosh OS X Interface* determined a crash when updating VLC* headstrong a crash related to QTKit when break painting files (10.6 only)* Added the ability to play 2nd media in sync to the primary item (input-slave)* Added the Quit after Playback feature mack OS X port* The Delete Preferences script is this instant delivered as a Universal Binarywith native code for PowerPC, Intel and Intel 64bit* Full 64bit miss cartridge clip compatibility on both mackintosh OS X 10.5 and 10.6 no softwargon documentation for Goom and SDL limited text rendering support This port is still considered as experimental despite its binary release.Encoders* MPEG2 transrate stream output removed* x264 default-values closer to x264.exe defaults.* x264 rc-behaviour fixes if user defines qp-value, CQP-mode is used other(a)wise if user defines vb=0, CRF-mode is used otherwise ABR-mode is used* x264 jell vbv-buf coat/vbv-maxsize better if user hasnt defined these ABR mode set vbv-max-bitrate=bitrate vbv-bufsize is bitrate * seconds between keyframes (keyint/fps) play list* Lua scripts for Mpora and Vimeo playbackUnix builds* Various fixes to modify 1.0 to build on Solaris and OpenBSDTranslations* New Kazakh and Croatian adaptations* Lithunanian translation is available on Windows* Galician, Korean, Nepali, Viet realisese, Ukrainian, Brazilian, Arabic and French translation updatesChanges between 1.0.0 and 1.0.1Demuxers* Fix wmv/asf issues that caused audio to drop* Various fixes for ac3, mp3, dts and perceptual constancy for wav format* Fix seek in RTSP in conformity to RFC 2326* Fix Dailymotion addition script* Fix crashes in xspf files handler* Fix seeking and timing issues in some flv files on Windows version entranceway* Add extra caching for files on network shares* Prevent integer underflow in Real pseudo-RTSP module, discovered by tixxDZ, DZCORE Labs, AlgeriaDecoders* Fix seeking in mpeg2 video files* Improve SSA subtitles rendering* Update most codecs for the Windows and Mac versionMuxers* Fix sound recording of .flv files with mp3 audioQt Interface* Possibility to change the opacity level of the Fullscreen dominance* Fix various crashes and VIDEO_TS f elderlyers openingMac OS X Interface* Added options to disable support for orchard apple tree Remote and Media Keys* Fixed options for Volume, Last.fm password and Subtitle Encoding* Fixed red piercing issues when autosizing the video window* Preferences panel in a flash includes help through tool-tips* More r eliable Information and Messages panels* Fix various crashesWindows port* The ZVBI module is outright available for Windows, for complete teletext supportTranslations updates for Brazillian, French, German, Korean, Norwegian Nynorsk, LithuanianChanges between 0.9.9a and 0.9.10HTTP Interface* Fixed default ACLMac OS X* Fixed crashes on multi-screen setups* cleared volume and subtitle encoding options in the Preferences* alter Information panel conduct, when playlist is non displayed* Fixed QTCapture input support for the la demonstrate iSight models* Added a menu-item to open up the video windows aspect ratio* Fixed redraw issues when autosizing the video window* Updated libpng, libgpg-error, libgcrypt, fribidiVarious fixes to the following modules* memory access HTTP, SMB updated and surplus access scripts (BBC radio, dailymotion, ) Prevent integer underflow in Real pseudo-RTSP module, discovered by tixxDZ,DZCORE Labs, Algeria* stream out RTP, RTSP VoD, photo arial arial mos aic Bridge* decoder TSCCChanges between 0.9.9a and 1.0.0Important notes-* Alsa and OSS audio capture has been removed from the v4l and v4l2 accesses.See Access for more than info.* permit for Mac OS X 10.4.x was dropped due to its technical limitationsPlayback* Instantaneous pausing* Frame-by-Frame playback* Finer speed turn back* On-the-fly recording for all medias* Timeshift for most medias* RTSP trickplay support* Subtitles core improvements and fixesDecoders* New AES3 (SMPTE 302M) decoder* New Dolby Digital positive E-AC-3 (A/52b) decoder* New True HD/MLP decoder and parser* New Blu-Ray Linear PCM decoder* New QCELP (Qualcomm PureVoice) decoder* improve Real mental picture 3.0 4.0 decoder* New WMA v1/2 repair point integer decoder* disagreeable Captions using the SCTE-20 standard are now correctly decoded* Improvement of WavPack decoder to support all integer modes and float mode* Corrections on 5.1 and 7.1 channel decoding and orderingDemuxers* Support for Dirac, MLP and RealVideo in Matroska files* study improvements in RealMedia files opening (.rm and .rmvb)* Improvements of the TS demuxer for M2TS files from Blu-Ray and AVCHD* Metadata for mod files are supported* GSM codecs in Wav files are supported* New raw audio demuxer supporting raw PCM streams* New Dirac demuxer for raw Dirac streamsEncoders* Dirac encoding using libdirac (supported in Ogg and in TS)* flame mp3 fixed-point encoderAccess* RTSP authentication with Darwin stream Server* On-the-fly gzip and bzip2 file decompression (except on Windows)* Playback for video in uncompressed multi-RAR collect* DVB-S and ATSC card support on Windows* New OSS and Alsa accesses. The v4l2 and v4l modules no longer supportOSS or Alsa audio input. hire input-slave alsa// or oss// if needed.* DVB scanning on linux* EXPERIMENTAL Blu-Ray Disc and AVCHD F experienters support* On-the-fly zip file decompression and search (MRL of the formzip//file.zip/file.avi to specify the file the development f orm ofzip//file.zipfile.avi is not supported anymore)* first step of any file descriptor using fd//* MTP device access on Unix* CD-Text support on the cdda module (CD-Audio)* start- sentence and stop-time can handle sub-second valuesInputs* Mouse cursor support in x11 and win32 screen modules* sieve module now features partial screen capture and abstract following onWindows and Mac OS X.Playlist* Export the playlist in HTML* Lua script for BBC radio playback* Better metadata handling and adaptationLinux/Windows interface* Global Hotkeys on Windows and Linux* Various fixes for skins2 interface* Recently played items list* Interface toolbar customizations* Various Improvements on the Qt interface More menus actions Finer speed slider Improvements on many dialogs New dialog for plugins tilt Fixed-size mode for videos Better Teletext, trickplay and encrypted streams control* Better integration in GTK environmentsMac OS X Interface* Controllable by the Media Keys on modern Apple key boards (brushed Aluminium)* Reveal-in-Finder functionality for locally stored items.* Easy addition of subtitles through the Video menu* Additional usability improvementsStream output* Restored the doddery mpeg2 transrating module.* Multiple bridge-in instances are now possible.* bridge-in can be used to configure a placeholder stream.* Remote Audio Output Protocol (AirTunes) module.* Fixed mosaic memleak. Mosaics are now usable again.Maemo Port* New Maemo port with an interface base on Hildon framework. scaler based on the swscale_nokia770 library.Windows CE PortEXPERIMENTAL work for the winCE port has been done.Mac OS X Port* EXPERIMENTAL 64bit support* Speed improvements by using llvm-gcc* New document icons by Dominic Spitaler* Support for latest iSight modelsAudio output* Removed obsolete Esound and aRts plugins* Surround support for PulseAudioVideo output* Effects (cube, torus, etc.) removed from OpenGL video output* Video is able to stay in original size and to zoom in full screen(hotkey o) while keeping black borders* Image video output has been rewritten into a video- extend named scene.The old image video output has been removed.* Support for scaling and converting video chromas with FFMPEG imgresample waswithdrawn due to bugs. Please use the hoter FFMPEG swscale instead. many-sided* Invmem, a fake codec to display images from external application programsNew Localization* Khmer* Mongolian* SoraniChanges between 0.9.9 and 0.9.9aMac OS X* Updated multiple 3rd party libraries to keep in sync with the Win32 port* Playback fixes for PowerPC-based MacsChanges between 0.9.8a and 0.9.9Decoders* Experimental bran-new decoder for Real Video 3.0 4.0Demuxers* Various fixes related to real demuxerMac OS X Interface* Fixed circumstances, which could lead to an empty Information panel Note that VLC will establish information on the currently _selected_ iteminstead of the currently _ compete_ item, if the playlist is visible in the principal(prenominal) comm and window.* Fixed multiple UTF8 issues in the Streaming / Exporting WizardMac OS X Port* change video playback performance on Intel-based MacsNew Localizations* Indonesian* Bengali* Updates of other localizationsVarious bugfixes* Support for receiving RTP packets on odd port numbers.* Lots of small bugfixes.* Correct Fullscreen behaviour on Multi-Screen setups on Windows* Telnet fixes on Windows* Resampling fixes when transcodingChanges between 0.9.6 and 0.9.8a security measure update* Fixed buffer overflow in Real demuxer (SA-0811, CVE-2008-5276) crew of small bugfixes.Changes between 0.9.5 and 0.9.6New Localizations* UkranianSecurity updates* Fixed overflow in CUE support from VCD access (SA-0810, CVE-2008-5032)* Fixed overflow in RealText subtitles support (SA-0810, CVE-2008-5036)Changes between 0.9.4 and 0.9.5Security updates* Fixed buffer overflow in TiVo demuxer (SA-0809, CVE-2008-4686, CVE-2008-4654)* Fixed libpng CVE-2008-3964 in Win32 and MacOS buildsFeatures* Closed Capt ion EIA 608/708 parsing enabled for libmpeg2Various bugfixes* Fixed various potential crashes and memleaks* Fixed issues with reading from files (especially non-local)Windows port* Fix bug where interface was eating some media keys* Fix some crashes in DirectShow accessQt Interface* Fix bug when the resetting of preferences didnt reset the dialog states* Right-click menu to select playlist columns reenabled* Various fixed in playlistAccess* MMAP module is now de worked up by defaultTranslations* Update of Brazillian, Swedish translationChanges between 0.9.3 and 0.9.4Various bugfixes* Crashes fixed in ogg, vobsub, dvdread* Fixes several memory leaks.Mac OS X port* Apple machines without Quartz Extreme are no longer supported (use 0.9.2 or earlier )* Fixed a crash with deletion of old preferences.* Fixed targetname for downloaded updatesWindows port* Stability fix for the video output.Changes between 0.9.2 and 0.9.3Various bugfixes* Fixed DTS channel order on 5.1 systems* Fixed pausin g behavior for subtitles and for Audio-CD* Multiple subtitles and podcast fixes* Various crashes fixed in PS, SSA, mkv, xspf, freetype* Fixed update system bugs* Other bug fixes (dvd language selection, subtitle colours, HTTP keep-alive+)Mac OS X port* Fixed ffmpeg slowness on PowerPC-based Macs* Fixed crash on startup when installed on old preferences* Fixed bug in directory opening on Mac OS X* Fixed font selection in the unsophisticated Preferences* Thicker border to the subtitle renderer* Fixed the appearance of playlist items in the Streaming/Transcoding Wizard* Fixed AC3 passthrough on Mac OS X* Fixed behavior of the Volume Normalizer settings on Mac OS X* Removed the deprecated QuickDraw video output module to avoid crashes onmodern Mac OS X versionsWindows port* Fixed sensitivity of Fullscreen dominance* Fixed error messages on startup when VLC wasnt correctly uninstalledbefore installation* Fix showing of controller when returning from fullscreen playback* Multiple direc tory and path location fixes.Qt4 interface* Added Faster/Slower icons to the controller panel* Fixed lost playlist columns when switching the playlist view* Added needed options to Simple preferences (to avoid NVIDIA drivers issues)* Fullscreen controller added time label, remembering of last position* Fixed dragn drop behaviour on the playlist* Multiple other fixes (Enter hotkey in preferences, Skins selection)Changes between 0.9.1 and 0.9.2* Restored the old behavior of sout-keep. It is now de-activated by default.* Skins2 interface repaired on Windows.* Multiple bugfixes.Changes between 0.9.1 and 0.9.0* Multiple bug fixes.Changes between 0.8.6i and 0.9.0Important notes-* This release will need Windows 2000 and Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger), or morerecent to work correctly* The HTTP interface is now only available on the local machine by default.If you want to make it available from other machines, you will have to dilute the .hosts file. On UNIX/Linux, the file is in /usr/share/vlc/http/ .hostsIf youre using the old http interface, its located in/usr/share/vlc/http/old/.hosts On Windows they are in CProgram FilesVideoLANVLChttp.hosts andCProgram FilesVideoLANVLChttpold.hosts On Mac OS X, you can find it in VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/share/http/.hostsand respectively in VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/share/http/old/.hosts* This version of VLC contains a new interface for Windows and Linux.This interface has a fullscreen controller and simplified preferences.This interface lacks the Streaming Wizard that used to be present in VLC0.8.6, but provides basic profiles.* The behavior of sout-keep was changed. Its now activated by default.* The marq, mosaic and logo commands in the rc interface changed. Theynow require a target name as their first argument. Examplevlc sub-filter emailprotectedmarquee=Hello -I rc You can then use commands like test marq-marquee GoodbyeIf you didnt name the object using test, its name will default to theplugin name (hence marq) in this example.These new c ommands are also available in the telnet interface.* The rtp access output module has been removed.Please use the RTP stream output instead, e.g.Old stdaccess=rtp,mux=ts,dst=239.255.1.25004,sapNew rtpmux=ts,dst=239.255.1.2,port=5004,sap* You now need to append m3u-extvlcopt to your command line to enableEXTVLCOPT options parsing in m3u playlists. Note that only a limited setof options is available to m3u playlists (CVE-2007-6683).* The old accessuniversal resource locator syntax is no longer supported to resolve ambiguitieswith some file names. Use access// uniform resource locator instead.E.g. vlcquit - vlc//quit udp239.255.12.12 - udp//239.255.12.12* The ffmpeg module has been removed and replaced by the new avcodec,avformat, swscale (or imgresample if you use a swscale-less ffmpeg build)and postproc modules.* The web plugins ActiveX (IE)/Firefox/Mozilla/military campaign now recognize thefollowing states IDLE/CLOSE=0, OPENING=1, BUFFERING=2, PLAYING=3, PAUSED=4,STOPPING=5, FORWAR D=6, inverse=7, ENDED=8, ERROR=9. With FORWARD andBACKWARD being reserved for future implementations and are thus notfunctional atm.* Croping and padding in transcode are now done using the croppadd videofilter. For exampletranscodevcodec=mp2v,vfilter=croppaddcropttop=20,cropbottom=30,paddleft= ascorbic acid* Canvas setting in transcode is now done using the analyze video filter.For exampletranscodevcodec=mp2v,vfilter=canvaswidth=640,height=480* Glide video output module has been removed.ChangesSecurity updates* Updated libfreetype on Windows and Mac OS X (CVE-2008-1806, CVE-2008-1806,CVE-2008-1807)* TTA Parser improvements (CVE-2008-3732)* MMS Access Module improvements (CVE-2008-3794 )Playlist* Vastly improved playlist support* Media library creation to free all your playlist items* Live search* Shoutcast TV listings* Audioscrobbler/Last.FM support* Album art support* exploiter definable Lua playlist scripts. See share/lua/playlist/README.txt(Default scripts open YouTube, Dail yMotion, metacafe, Google Video andlots of other URLs)* substance abuser definable Lua album art fetcher scripts. See share/lua/meta/README.txtInputs* Video for Linux 2 (V4L2) input support* UDP-Lite transportation for RTP/AVP* DCCP transport for RTP/AVP* Proxy support for MMSH stream* JACK audio input support* Input run time option (improved live stream recording)* BDA devices access module for DVB-C/S/T capture cards on Microsoft Windows* Re-written Screen access module for Mac OS Xusing OpenGL instead of QuickDraw* Screen module now supports partial screen capture and mouse following on X11.* Experimental EyeTV access moduleThis requires the user to install a plugin to EyeTV.app(available as a separate download).* Simple RTP input (with MPEG A/V, G.711 and PCM support).* RTMP input support* QTKit-based Input module for Mac OS X allowing display and streaming of videotaken from all iSight-labelled video cameras (no audio support)* HTTP access now supports gzip compressed data and Digest AccessAuthentication.* New options to reduce latency between arrival of raw data and display offrames. (auto-adjust-pts-delay and use-stream-immediate)Demuxers* MP4 gpac and Apple chapter support* Fixed playback of AIFF stereo files* Fixed audio glitch on seek* Improved FLAC demuxer (duration / current time / meta data)* AAC tags support* APEv1/2 tags support* Improved ID3v2 tags support* Improved Ogg/Vorbis tags support* Raw video support* Standard MIDI File (types 0 1) support* TiVo Series 2 support* CD+G karaoke Files support* MXF files support* OMA supportDecoders* VP60/VP61/VP6F/VP62 support* Flash Screen Video support* CamStudio Screen Video support* DosBox Capture support* Karl Mortons Video support* limited atrac3 support* Fraps support* Fluidsynth MIDI software synthesis (with external sound fonts)* New codec FOURCCs to support more specific filesAvid, FCP, Sony, Samsung, * H.264 PAFF support* DNxHD / VC-3 support* NellyMoser ASAO support* APE (Monkey audio) suppo rt* RealVideo support (with the RealVideo run-time)* Dirac video support using libschroedingerSubtitles* Closed Caption Decoder (DVD, ReplayTV, TiVo, DVB/ATSC)* VBI EBU (Teletext) support (*nix, Mac OS)* Ogg/Kate subtitles support* AQTitle subtitles support* MKV USF subtitles support* HTML-based subtitles support* MPSub subtitles support* JacoSub subtitles basic support* MPL2 subtitles support* edict of ASS/SSA scripts and subtitles support* PowerDivx (.psb) Subtitles support* Realtext subtitle support* DKS subtitle support* SubViewer 1.0 (SubRip09) subtitles support* Correct Right-to-left languages in subtitles supportEncoders* Flash Screen Video support* Improved H.264 encoding speedVideo outputs and filters* New CoreAnimation-based output module (VLCKit framework on OS X only)* Adjust, Invert and Distort (now split into Wave, Ripple, side andPsychedelic) video filters can now be streamed* New puzzle video output filter* Re-written motion detection video filter* New extract vid eo filter (extract Red, Green and Blue components from avideo)* New sharpen video filter (increase the contrast of adjacent pixels)* New erase video filter (removes logos from a video)* Enhanced subtitles renderer to support bold, italic and some HTML tags(Google Summer of Code scholarly person project)* Support for RGBA and I420 blending.The latter improves Mosaic CPU usage *a lot*.* New transparency cloak video filter (for use with the mosaic_bridge module).* New bluescreen video filter (for use with the mosaic_bridge module).This was previously part of the mosaic module.* Fixed random characters chore in RSS filter.* Add rotate-deciangle for more precision on rotate filter* Support for Intel SSE2 instruction set in chroma converters* Improved use of Intel MMX instruction set in chroma converters* New croppadd and canvas video filters.Audio outputs and filters* Replay gain support* Audio playback when sledding slower/faster (with pitch correction vianew scaletempo audio filter )* New spatializer audio filter* Correct DTS output via S/PDIFStream output* RTSP for TS-multiplexed broadcast streams* New RTP payload formats* Speex voice audio codec* ITU T.140 (for text, subtitles) output* G.711 (both A-law and -law) output* UDP-Lite transport for RTP* DCCP transport for RTP* Lots of fixes for RTSP broadcasting* RTMP outputInterfaces* All* New Simple Preferences dialogs showing the most important settings in anend-user suitable way.* Improved user interaction* Improved mouse gestures* Vastly improved Update checker* Full support for meta data editing (ID3v2, Ogg/Vorbis, AAC, APEv1/2)* Windows/Linux* Brand new interface for Linux and Windows, based on the Qt toolkit* Fullscreen controller (transparency on Linux+Composite)* Mac OS X* Improved video output features* Online access to VideoLANs Help Wiki within VLC* New setting to disable the Recent Items renovation* When playing Radio (live) streams, the current track is shown correctly* Correct appearance on Macs using Aquas graphite study* Simplified Extended Controls panel* Ncurses* Correctly displays wide characters when using an UTF-8 locale,if libncursesw is available.* Some nice colors if the destination supports it (most do)* Experimental Lua interface modules. See vlc -I lua andshare/lua/playlist/README.txt for more info.* Unix* Option to allow only one running instance, using D-Bus interface.* D-Bus Interface implementing the MPRIS(Media Player Remote Interfacing specification), a common dbus controlinterface for media players that intends to suffer an xdg standard whenfinished http//wiki.xmms2.xmms.se/index.php/Media_Player_Interfaces .* Motion module using disk accelerometers to keep video horizontal* Plugin to set Telepathy presence message using MissionControl* Fixed VLM schedule time on LinuxLinux Port* VLC now complies with the XDG Base Directory Specification version 0.6http//standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-0.6.html(which means that VLC doesnt use the $ HOME/.vlc directory anymore)Mac OS X Port* Mac OS X Framework VLCKit that can be used to embed VLC in tertiary partyapplications (Google Summer of Code Student project, Mac OS X 10.5 only)* New text renderer based on Quartz replacing the existing Freetype solution* Complete compatibility with Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard* It is now required to compile a fully featured build* The support of Mac OS X 10.3.9 and QuickTime 6.x was discontinued.LibVLC* Event management and various improvements in libvlc(Part of a Google Summer of Code Student project)New Localizations* Finnish* Persian* Polish* Punjabi* BulgarianDevelopers* LibVLC now supports externally built plugins properly.A vlc-plugin pkg-config package is provided.* Java bindings are now built from a separate source.Changes between 0.8.6h and 0.8.6i-Security updates* Fixed integer overflow in WAV demuxer (CVE-2008-2430)Various bugfixes* Fixed option to use shared memory within the GLX video output module* Improved galaktos-based audio vi sualizations on FreeBSD* Miscellaneous bugfixes in multiple modules and in libvlc(transcode stream output, OSD menu video filter, VCD input, black flag services discovery, http control interface)* Updated Polish translationChanges between 0.8.6g and 0.8.6h-Security updates* Updated GnuTLS and libgcrypt on Windows and Mac OS X (CVE-2008-1948,CVE-2008-1949, CVE-2008-1950)* Updated libxml2 on Windows and Mac OS X (CVE-2007-6284)Goodies* Updated libebml and libmatroska on Mac OS X. Reliability improvements.* Miscellaneous bugfixes in multiple modules and in libvlc(ftp access, record access filter, video filters, RC interface,playlist demuxer, IP networking, MPJPEG muxer, stream outputs)* Improved support for MPEG2 content created by Final Cut Pro* More reliable audio answer for MPEG TS streams* Fixed a regression in 0.8.6g where usage of the snapshot feature could leadto an unexpected application termination* New Serbian translation* Updated Romanian translationChanges between 0.8.6f a nd 0.8.6g-Security updates* Removed VLC protean settings from Mozilla and ActiveX(CVE-2007-6683, VideoLAN-SA-0804)* Removed loading plugins from the current directory(CVE-2008-2147, VideoLAN-SA-0805)* Updated libpng on Windows and Mac OS X (CVE-2008-1382)* Fixed libid3tag denial of service (CVE-2008-2109)* Fixed libvorbis vulnerabilities (CVE-2008-1419, CVE-2008-1420, CVE-2008-1423)* Fixed speex insufficient boundary check (CVE-2008-1686, oCERT-2008-004)Various bugfixes* Fixed various memory leaks, ameliorate stability when running as a server* Fixed compilation with recent versions of FFmpeg* Correctly parses SAP announcements from MPEG-TS* Fixed AAC resampling* The Fullscreen Controller appears correctly on Mac OS X,if the Always-on-top video option was selected.Changes between 0.8.6e and 0.8.6f-Security updates* Really fixed subtitle buffer overflow (CVE-2007-6681, CVE-2008-1881)* Fixed Real RTSP code execution problem (CVE-2008-

Collaboration in Professional Practice

collaborationism in lord PracticeEffective Interprofessional Collaboration is key to providing good graphic symbol diligent centred assistThis essay pass on discuss the principles of patient centred everyotfulness and their relationship to multi-disciplinary team up working and identify and explain key concepts of person and team chat deep down the practice setting. Reference volition besides be made to experiences in practice and the effect of these experiences on the patient. My personal experiences of multi-disciplinary team working will be reflected upon, as will my strengths and weaknesses in relation to my expertnesss as a collaborative team member. Patient confidentiality will be defend at all times when reflecting on personal experiences in placement in accordance with the NMC enroll of professional conduct (NMC 2004).The term patient-centred c ar refers to the participation and involvement of the patient in the decisions taken concerning their c atomic numbe r 18 and treating the person as an individual, recognising the differing needs amongst individual patients (Barrett, Sellman and Thomas 2005). The importance of involving the patient in their own c ar has become increasingly of the essence(predicate) over the last half of the 20th century, with more people financial support into older age than ever before, and with this increase of life expectancy has come an increase of those living with degenerative or long-term illness ( part of Health 2001). This has led to a heightened number of people becoming, in many another(prenominal)(prenominal) instances, more knowledgeable of their condition than the healthcare professionals that are involved in their care and treatment, and in that locationfore, rather than creation merely recipients of this care they are increasingly taking responsibility for the management of their illness by fashioning informed decisions concerning their treatment, alongside those of healthcare professionals (Department of Health 2001). As the signifi spatece of patient centred care has been identified it alike important to understand the relationship amidst patient centred care and multi-disciplinary team work, which is that to enable the provision of patient-centred care a number of different professions will need to be involved, as it is not possible for atomic number 53 profession to set about all the knowledge necessitate to provide effective care, thitherfore the multi-disciplinary team mustiness work collaboratively to be effective, with effective discourse between professions do this collaboration possible (Barrett, Sellman and Thomas 2005).Furthermore, as healthcare teams are not comprised solely as a solitary department a patient may need to attend clinics in many of the different hospital departments in order to create the desired treatment. In order to provide the patient with the best quality treatment and care, it is essential that in that location is high level of effective Interprofessional collaboration between all members of the healthcare team. Ensuring efficient conversation between healthcare professionals will not entirely increase the quality of the do, only it could also help slash hospital waiting lists for treatments and ultimately, increase patient satisfaction. For example, when considering a department such as radiology it is becomes opened why effective discourse between all members if the team is essential. A radiology team is cool of many different interdisciplinary professionals not only compensates, radiotherapists and nurses working deep down the radiology department, but it also comprises the individuals with whom these members of staff interact within their different, complementary departments. For example, a patient will have been referred to a radiologist from a different department e.g. gynaecology. The patient will also go to meet the staff at the admissions desk, outpatients staff, perhaps ward staff i f they are to be admitted. Thus, the coordination of this team of practitioners is vital in order to fancy that the patient is treat efficiently and that their care needs are met.When there is a lack of communication between professions the quality of care will need amply suffer. There are many examples, and consequences, of good and silly communication and one example is that of a scenario my colleagues and I were asked to consider as part of our online learning for the Collaboration in Professional Practice (CIPP) module, which was of a student nurse attending a ward rhythm method with a limit. In the scenario the student nurse had concerns as to the patient having little opportunity to ask the doctor any questions or allay any concerns that he had, which the student nurse perceived to be cod to a number of reasons, including the lack of privacy on the ward and the doctor making it apparent that he was short of time. When she reflected on this incident she felt that she ha d not communicated with the doctor efficiently and acted as promote for her patient, therefore, the consequences are that he was possibly left with many unanswered concerns. There were many opinions relating to this scenario put forward on the group discussion board (see vermiform process 1) and many of us felt that this emphasised the importance of having a mixed number of professions on ward rounds, including a nurse whose responsibility it is to act as advocate for the patient. The student nurse in the scenario pointed out that she felt she had let her patient down in choose of showing the doctor that she was efficient and good at her job and it could be argued that this need to impress the doctor was due to the hierarchical structure within which hospitals tend to operate, with doctors being at the top of this structure, which could affect communication between doctors and care for staff.One of the objectives of a analyze which was carried out by Kinley et al (2001) was the investigation of the quality of communication between fourth-year medical checkup staff and ATN (Kinley et al 2001 2) (The ATN are set asidely trained nurses) and the study was conducted in retrospect of the plans to implement nurse-run clinics and to give nurses some duties which were previously considered to be that of a doctor. This is of importance and relevancy to the provision of patient centred care, as the ability of members of a healthcare team to effectively communicate and label any problems, concerns or even advice which one may have in order to help another member of the healthcare team to treat a patient is one of the keys to effective collaboration within the multidisciplinary environment of a hospital (Barrett, Sellman and Thomas 2005). The conclusion made by the research team was that there is no reason to inhibit the development of fully trained nurse-led pre-operative assessment, provided that the nurses are appropriately trained and allege sufficient worklo ad to retain attainments (Kinley et al, 2001 3). However, the qualitative counterpart of the study indicated that the use of ATN for pre-operative assessment was agreeable to patients but there was no indication that there was any improvement in the communication between senior medical staff and those carrying out the pre-operative assessments (Kinley et al 2001 3). Hence, this study could be viewed to be indicative of the fact that if interdisciplinary communication and collaboration was to be improved within the healthcare team and hospital settings, perhaps the abilities of nursing staff to fulfil roles and complete duties previously associated with a doctor, such as completing pre-operative assessments and taking medical histories would be advanced.I myself have witnessed examples of both good and poor interprofessional collaboration and communication whilst out in practice. For example, whilst caring for an elderly lady in hospital who was recovering from surgery it became a pparent that she was suffering from piercing constipation. Numerous healthcare professionals worked collaboratively to eliminate her constipation, including doctors, nurses, a dietician and physiotherapist and in the end a capable result was achieved. On reflection of this incident I felt that although there was clearly excellent communication and collaboration between professions, once they were working together in the treatment of this problem, there was also an unneeded delay in the nurses involving these other professions in her treatment for this particular problem, which led to unnecessary suffering and spite for the patient. I referred to this incident on the CIPP group discussion board (see appendix 2) and found that this concern as to the length of time it ass sometimes take to involve other professions was shared. Therefore, it is worth noting that even when communication is good between professions the quality of patient care will still suffer if there are delays in b ringing about their collaboration.The ability to reflect on incidents such as these is an essential dowry of nursing as it enables us to analyse what we did, if we did it well or if it we could have done it better, and then how we can develop our skills further to do better in the future (Brooker and Nicol 2003). When considering that nurses are expected to make certain(prenominal) decisions as to the care of a patient the benefits of reflective practice become apparent, reflecting on past mistakes can help greatly when deciding what action should be taken in the care of patient, particularly when it is a situation that one has previously experienced and thus gained knowledge from (Brooker and Nicol 2003). I olfaction that although I have made significant progress in my ability to reflect over the last year there is still much room for improvement, something which I have referred to in my action plan for the formative identification (see appendix 3). I listed the priority of th is action point as being medium to high as although it is to be achieved throughout my career, as part of my lifelong learning, I find that it is also an essential skill whilst being a student as it will my greatly aide my learning at comprise as well as in the future when qualified.Being self-aware is vital to the reflective bring as it is through our knowledge of ourselves that we are able to recognise our strengths and weaknesses and identify areas where more learning is demandd (Burns and Bulman 2000). Self-awareness is to be conscious of who we are, to be aware of our own values, beliefs and strengths and weaknesses (Burns and Bulman 2000). Being self-aware is essential to nursing as not only does it form the basis upon which reflection is built but it also contributes to how we communicate with others and underworld our interpersonal development with our colleagues, as well as enabling us to build and maintain unconditional relationships with our patients (Bulman and Sch utz 2004).When reflecting upon my own strengths and weaknesses, in relation to my collaborative skills, I feel that whilst I am beginning to profit an in depth understanding of the role of the nurse in the care of the patient I feel that I lack substantial knowledge of the roles of the other healthcare professionals that I work alongside in the care of these same patients. This point is also referred to in my action plan for the formative assessment (see appendix 3) and I listed the priority of this as being medium to high as I feel that it is not possible to become an effective collaborative healthcare professional without having an understanding of the roles of others with whom you are working alongside. If there is a lack of understanding of the roles of others I feel that it would be difficult to see why they are involved in the care of my patient, or even when it is appropriate to involve other healthcare professionals, inevitably leading to the quality of the care for the pat ient to suffer.As we have identified the importance of Interprofessional collaboration in the provision of effective patient centred care and satisfaction within the hospital environment it is important to behavior at methodologies which can be utilised in order to improve the interactions and communication between members of distributively multidisciplinary team within the healthcare setting. Buchan and May (2007) describe how the process of skill mix can be used to as a method of organisational change within a healthcare team and it has a role to play in improving the effectiveness of the organisation and quality of care. The four stages of a skill mix cycle are the evaluation of the need for change, the identification of opportunities and barriers for change, the planning for change and finally making the change happen (Buchanan and May 2007 1) Therefore, we can see that the methodology of skill mix is one pick available to healthcare managers when they are get under ones ski ning to improve the Interprofessional collaboration between members of their healthcare teams, the method does however require careful planning. Furthermore, it is important to realise that skill mix is more than just a technical exercise, as it is also a method of achieving organisational change which requires careful planning, communication, murder and evaluation if it is to achieve its main objectives (Buchanan and OMay 2007 1).Sibbald, Shen and McBride (2004) value the strategy of changing the skill mix of the healthcare workforce and highlight that factors promoting winner in the improvement of the patient care service and the interactions and collaborations of members of the healthcare interdisciplinary teams include introducing treatments of proven efficacy, appropriate staff education and training removal of unhelpful boundary demarcations between staff or service sectors appropriate pay and reward systems and good strategic planning and human resource management (Sibbald, Shen and McBride, 2004 28). It is important to identify the areas which can help to improve staff communication because this will help with the planning and implementation of change and improvements within the healthcare setting. Education and training opportunities appear to be beneficial in twain ways, firstly they provide a method for improving the staff morale and self-respect as they feel more satisfied and qualified to help others and thus communicate with other members of the healthcare team and additionally the training will provide opportunities for members of staff to become acquainted with other employees and to interact (Sibbald, Shen and McBride 2004). This may then help in the collaboration in the work place. Education and training strategies which could train doctors and nurses simultaneously would be beneficial in reducing the hierarchical boundaries between these disciplines (Freeth, 2005 and Dominelli, 2002).The subject of this essay is increasingly significant at present due to the recent changes observed within the structure and function of the National Health table service (NHS) and the demands placed upon it to reduce the waiting times of patients and increase patient centred care, whilst at the same time bare-assed the costs and expenditure within the NHS (The Department of Health 2000). This puts pressure on medical staff, not only to increase their efficiency of treatment, but also to cope with and adapt to changes which are being made within their departments (The department of Health 2000). One of these changes which may be difficult for medical staff to adapt to in particular is the replacement of doctors with nursing staff in the carrying out of some of the duties and roles which were previously associated solely with the doctor. As the primary aim of the NHS is to provide the best healthcare possible for each patient, it is important that the staff utilise to take over some of the duties and responsibilities previously assoc iated with the doctors we must ensure that the nursing staff are fully trained and able to perform the tasks to the required standard and in order to do this it is important that there is an effective level of collaboration between the doctors and nursing staff and that the doctors provide a support network, to which members of the nursing team can turn to and ask advice when and wherever appropriate. However, as there may be invalidating feelings towards this change, perhaps felt more so by the doctors, this may prove to be difficult. Hence, it is necessary to enhance the levels of cooperation and team spirit in order to work more efficiently and make the most of the skills of all the professionals in the NHS workforce (The Department of Health 2000).In conclusion, it is clearly apparent that the effective collaboration and consequentially the communication between members of a healthcare team is of vital importance when considering the accuracy and efficiency in which care can be provided to patients in a patient focused manner, and as this is an important aim of the NHS plan to reform, plans must be put into action to ensure that the levels of communication between members of the healthcare team are achieved to enable the goals made by government bodies to be reached and to aid staff moral in the workplace.Reference ListBarrett, G, Sellman, D and Thomas, J (2005) Interprofessional working in health and social care. Basingstoke, Palgrave MacmillanBrooker, C., Nicol, M (2003) treat Adults, the Practice of Caring. London, MosbyBuchan. J, OMay. F (2007) Determining Skill Mix Practical Guidelines for Managers and Health Professionals online last accessed on 16th celestial latitude 2007 at http//www.who.int/hrh/en/HRDJ_4_2_07.pdfBulman, C., Schutz, S (2004) Reflective Practice in Nursing. Oxford, Blackwell PublishingBurns, S and Bulman, C (2000) Reflective practice in nursing the growth of the reflective practitioner (2nd Edition) Oxford, Blackwell ScienceDepar tment of Health (2000) The NHS Plan a plan for investment, a plan for reform online last accessed 16th December 2007 at http//www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4002960Department of Health (2001) The expert patient a new approach to continuing disease management for the 21st century online last accessed on 15 December 2007 at http//www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4006801Dominelli, L (2002) Anti-oppressive social work theory and practice. Basingstoke, Palgrave MacmillanFreeth, D (2005) Effective interprofessional education development, delivery and evaluation. Oxford, Blackwell PublishingKinley et al (2001) Extended scope of nursing practice a multicentre randomised controlled trial of appropriately trained nurses and pre-registration dwelling officers in pre-operative assessment in elective general surgery Health Technology Assessment. Vol 5 No 20Nursing and Midwifery Cou ncil (2004) The NMC code of professional conduct standards for conduct, performance and ethics, London, Nursing and Midwifery CouncilSibbald,B, Shen, J and McBride, A (2004). Changing the skill-mix of the health care workforce. Journal of Health Service Research and Policy 9(1), 28-38.

Vector And Raster Data In Gis Computer Science Essay

sender And Raster information In Gis Computer Science EssayA geographicalal Information System (GIS) is a method of spatially storing, analysing, manipulating, managing and displaying geographical entropy. GIS information represents real objects much(prenominal) as roads, rivers, urban aras, place names, railway, places of interest, town names etc. with digital entropy find out the mix. A geo infobase is a entropybase that is in some way referenced to holes on earth. Traditionally, there argon both handsome methods used to chisel in info in a GIS raster realizes and sender. Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSI) data is supplied in two Vector and Raster format. In both cases the data is geo-referenced.VECTOR AND RASTER DATAVector data is split into terzetto types polygon, line (or arc) and point data. Vector is a method for storing spatial data involving assigning coordinates for each entity an X,Y, Z for a point, a pair of much(prenominal)(prenominal) points for a line and a series of such lines for a polygon. This method is very useful for poseuring discrete physical features.Different geographical features are convey by unalike types of geometryPointsA point is a zero-dimensional abstraction of an object delineated by a exclusive X, Y co-ordinate. It is normally used to represent a geographic feature too nonaged to be displayed as a line or an area (e.g. location of a building on a small plate map or, for example, cities on a map of the world might be represented by points not polygons). No measurements are possible with point features.Figure 1- Vector delegacySource http//www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/gisweb/GISModule/GIST_Vector.htmlLines or polylinesA set of co-ordinates that represent the shape of geographic features that are too abridge to be displayed as an area, such as, county boundary lines or contours. At small scales geographic features may nominate no area, e.g. streams or streets and may be represented as linear features rather than as a polygon. Line features nominate measure distance.PolygonsPolygons are used to represent areas. Such as lakes, park boundaries or land uses etc. Polygons convey the most amount of information of the file types and skunk measure perimeter and area.Rigaux et al. (2002p.38) states, A point is represented by its pair of coordinates, whereas more than complex linear and surfacic objects are represented by structures (lists, sets, arrays) on the point representation. These geometries can be linked to a row in a database that describes their assigns. For example, a database that describes lakes may contain a lakes depth, water quality, pollution level. Different geometries can also be compared and the GIS could be used, for example, to identify all wells (point geometry) that are within cardinal kilometre of a lake (polygon geometry) that has a high level of pollution. Vector data can be displayed at any scale and idiosyncratic layers (e.g. roads, buildings, etc) can be dis played or omitted (see Appendix A).RasterEllis states that raster is a method for the retentivity, branching and display of spatial data. there are three types of raster datasets thematic data, spectral data and pictures. Raster data consists of rows and columns of cells, with each cell storing a single protect. Raster data can be images containing individual dots with colour values, called cells (or pixels), arranged in a rectangular equally spaced array.Each cell must be rectangular in shape, but not needfully square (Ellis 2001). Each cell within this matrix contains location co-ordinates as well as an attribute value. The spatial location of each cell is implicitly contained within the ordering of the matrix, un uniform a vector structure which interposes topology explicitly. Areas containing the same attribute value are recognised as such, however, raster structures cannot identify the boundaries of areas such as polygons.Raster data is an abstraction of the real world wh ere spatial data is expressed as a matrix of cells or pixels with spatial position implicit in the ordering of the pixels. With the raster data model, spatial data is not continuous but divided into discrete units. Ellis states that this makes raster data particularly adapted for certain types of spatial operation, for example overlays or area calculations.Raster structures may lead to increased storage in certain situations, since they store each cell in the matrix regardless of whether it is a feature or simply complete space. Additional values recorded for each cell may be a discrete value, such as land use, a continuous value, such as temperature, or a null value if no data is available. While a raster cell stores a single value, it can be panoptic by using raster bands to represent RGB (red, green, blue) colours, colour maps (a mapping between a thematic code and RGB value), or an extended attribute table with one row for each unique cell value. The resolution of the raster data set is its cell width in ground units.Anyone who is familiar with digital photography testament notice the Raster graphics pixel as the smallest individual grid unit building block of an image, usually not readily identified as an artifact shape until an image is produced on a very prodigious scale (see Appendix B). A combination of the pixels making up an image colour formation final cause depart compose details of an image, as is distinct from the commonly used points, lines, and polygon area location symbols of vector graphics. Aerial photographs and satellite images are examples of raster images used in mapping.Figure 2 Aerial delineation Digitally scanned and ortho-rectified raster colour photography. The ortho-rectification process removes distortions caused by camera tilt and topographical features to produce a scale accurate image.Source OSIRaster data is stored in various formats from a standard file-based structure of TIF, JPEG, etc. to binary large object data stored directly in a relational database management system.Raster v VectorThere are some important advantages and disadvantages to using a raster or vector data model to represent realityVector graphics are usually more aesthetically pleasing. Raster data will appear as an image that may have a blocky appearance for object boundaries (depending on the resolution of the raster file).Vector data is simpler to update and main(prenominal)tain, whereas a raster image will have to be all in all reproduced (e.g. a new road is added).Vector data allows much more analysis capability, especially for networks such as roads, rail, telecommunications etc. Distances and areas can be calculated automatically.With raster data it is difficult to adequately represent linear features depending on the cell resolution. Therefore, network linkages are difficult to establish.Vector files require less disk storage space than raster data.Raster data allows easy implementation of overlay operations, which are more difficult with vector data.Raster data structure allows simple spatial analysis proceduresAn outline of the application of vector and raster data by OSI in Ireland is included in Appendix C.Non-spatial dataRelating the spatial component along with the non-spatial attributes of the existing data e.g. census figures (see Appendix D) enhances the users understanding and gives new insights into the patterns and relationships in the data that otherwise would not be found.Non-spatial data can be stored along with the spatial data represented by the coordinates of vector geometry or the position of a raster cell. In vector data, the additional data contains attributes of the feature. In raster data the cell value can store attribute information, but it can also be used as an identifier that can relate to records in another table.Software is currently being developed to support the solutions to spatial problems being integrated with solutions to non-spatial problems. This will resu lt in non experts using GIS to integrate spatial and non spatial criteria to view solutions to complex problems and to assist in decision-making.Data captureThe processes of data collection are also variously referred to as data capture, dataautomation, data conversion, data transfer, data translation, and digitizing.The two main types of data capture arePrimary data sources e.g. those collected in digital format specifically for use in a GIS project.Secondary sources, digital and analog datasets that were collected for a different purpose and need to be converted into a suitable digital format for use in a GIS project.For vector data capture the two main branches are ground surveying and GPS. Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital data collection systems on survey instruments. Positions from a Global Navigation Satellite System like Global Positioning System (GPS), another survey tool, can also be directly entered into a GIS. New technologies allow creating map s as well as analysis directly in the field and as a result projects are more efficient and mapping is more accurate.Remotely sensed data also plays an important role in data collection and consists of sensors (e.g. cameras, digital scanners) attached to a broadcast which usually consist of aircraft and satellites.The majority of digital data currently comes from photo interpretation of aerial photographs. Workstations are used to digitize features directly from stereo pairs of digital photographs. These systems allow data to be captured in two and three dimensions, with elevations measured directly from a stereo pair using principles of photogrammetry. Photographs are collected by analog or optical cameras before being entered into a soft copy system, but as high quality digital cameras become cheaper this step will be eliminated.Satellite remote signal detection provides another important source of spatial data. Remote sensing collects raster data that can be supercharge proces sed to identify objects and classes of interest, such as forested areas. The disadvantages are that the resolution is often too short letter or sensors are restricted by cloud cover.Entering data into GIS usually requires editing, to remove errors, or further processing. For vector data it must be made topologically correct before it can be used for some advanced analysis. For example, in a road network, lines must connect with nodes at an intersection. For scanned maps, blemishes on the source map may need to be removed from the resulting raster. To ensure that the data is specific and original and that represents as closely as possible the spatial world we live in, it requires a quality damages process to manage completeness, validity, logical consistency, physical consistency, referential integrity and positional accuracy of data.Raster-to-vector translationVectorisation is the process of converting raster data into vector data. For example, a GIS may be used to convert a sate llite image map to a vector structure by generating lines around all cells with the same classification, while determining the cell spatial relationships.One of the biggest problems with data obtained from external sources is that they can be encoded in many different formats. Many tools have been developed to move data between systems and to reuse data through candid application programming interfaces. Therefore, a GIS must be able to convert geographic data from one structure to another.CONCLUSIONWhen data is captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured with either a recounting accuracy or absolute accuracy, as this could not only influence how information will be interpreted but also the cost of data capture.Vector data can be manipulated, layers can be turned on and off, data can be edited or deleted and additional data can be added in. Raster data is usually used as a background map. Raster is not as intelligent as Vector, Rigaux et al. (2002 p.39) states the structure is unfortunately not powerful enough to ensure the correctness of the representation. It is more useful as a display map for brochures, internet and power point presentations.Oosterom Van, P.J. (1993p.vii) states the ever change magnitude availabilitiy of hardware such as digitizers, scanners workstations, graphic displays, printers and plotters for the input, processing, and output of geographic data only partly explains the exploitation interest in GISs. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualise data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. GIS helps one answer questions and solve problems by looking at data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.Figure 3 GIS continues to evolveSource Cummens 2010 ERSIMany forces are converging transforming how we work and improving efficiency and decision making (see Fig. 3 above). GIS Is becoming Mainstream Technolog y dismissal beyond focused applications (Cummens 2010). GIS is helping citizens, business and Government by improving planning, management, communications and decision making.REFERENCESCummens, Patricia (2010) Geographic Information Enabling a Smarter Government and Economy at the SCS Conference 2010. ESRI.Ellis, F. (2001) Introduction to GIS. Melbourne University of Melbourne.Oosterom Van, P.J. (1993) Reactive Data Structures for Geographic Information Systems. New York Oxford University Press.Rigaux, P., Scholl, M., Voisard, A (2002) Spatial Databases with Applications to GIS. San Fransisco Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.http//www.osi.ie/en/academic/third-level-and-academic.aspx?article=4bf958eb-bf0b-4b28-a0d9-24586fadbaab Accessed 27/10/2010

Tracks Covering in Penetration Testing

Tracks Covering in perceptiveness TestingEr. Ramesh narwalEr. Gaurav GuptaAbstract subsequently completing bang, top tracks is the next step in discernment testing. In tracks chase aftering after completing beset we volition return to each exploited administration to erase tracks and clean up either(a) footprints we left behind. Tracks covering is grave beca exercise it gives clue to forensics analyst or Intrusion Detection System (IDS). Some meters its difficult to cloud wholly tracks but an aggressor crapper manipulate the placement to shelve the examiner and make it al intimately impossible to come upon the extent of the assaulter. In this research paper we describe all of the methods used in tracks covering and their next scope.Keywords Exploit, Payload, pic Assessment, perspicacity Testing, Track CoveringIntroduction cleverness testing is nowadays an important presidential term security testing method. Penetration testing is also known as Pentesting. Main objective of sixth sense testing is to identify the security threats in networks, formations, servers and applications. Penetration testing consists of mingled builds which we discuss in overview of perceptiveness testing. After gaining administrative access on a administration or server, attacker first task is to cover their tracks to prevent detection of his current and past comportment in the frame. An attacker or intruder may also try to remove designate of their individuality or activities on the frame to prevent tracing of their identity or location by authorities. To prevent himself an attacker usually erases all error messages, alerts or security events that have been lumberged.Overview of Penetration TestingPenetration Testing used for validation and effectiveness of security protections and controls of an organisation. It reduce an organisations expenditure on IT security by identifying an remediating vulnerabilities or loopholes. It provides stay steps that can prevent upcoming exploitation. Penetration testing phasesPre-engagement Interactions scholarship GatheringThreat ModelingVulnerability AnalysisExploitation stance ExploitationCovering Tracks notifyingPre-engagement InteractionsPlanning is the first step in pre-engagement. During this phase scope, goal and terms of the penetration test is finalised with the client. Target and methods of intend attacks are also finalised in this phase.Intelligence GatheringThis is most important phase if we miss something here we might miss an entire opportunity of attack. All education regarding target is self-collected by using societal media networks, google hacking and otherwise methods. Our primary goal during this phase to gain accurate selective information about target without revealing our presence, to learn how organisation operates and to determine the better(p) entry point.Threat ModelingThe information acquired in intelligence throng phase used in this phase to identify exis ting vulnerabilities on the target system. In threat modelling, we determine the most effective attack methods, the information type we need and how attack can be implemented at an organisation.Vulnerability AnalysisVulnerability is loophole or weakness in the system, network or product by using which can agree it. After identification of most effective attack method, we consider how we can access the target. During this phase we combine information acquired in previous phases and use that information to find out most effective attack. Port and Vulnerability scans are performe in this phase and all data is also gathered from previous phases.ExploitationExploit is a code which allows an attacker to stimulate advantage of the flaw or vulnerability within system, application or service. We must perform exploit only when we are sure that the finical exploit will be successful. May be unforeseen overprotective measures might be on the target that inhibit a crabby exploit. Before tr igger a vulnerability we must sure that the system is vulnerable.Our exploit must do proper clean-up after execution at compromised system and must not cause the compromised system to grow into coseismic state. Given below pattern signals some system shutdown energetic at compromised windows machine due to without proper clean-up of exploit after execution.After successful exploitation the compromised system is under the control of an attacker. Many times attacker or penetration tester need to alter the compromised or breached systems to attain privilege escalation.Post ExploitationPayload is actual code which executed on the compromised system after exploitation. Post Exploitation phase begins after compromised one or more systems. In this phase penetration tester identifies critical infrastructure, targets specific systems, targets information and data that values most and that must be attempted to secure. In Post Exploitation season attacking systems we should take time to u nderstand what the system do and their distinguishable user roles. all tester and attacker generally spend time in compromised system to understand the information he have and how he can take benefit from that information.After gaining access of one system an attacker can access other systems in that network by using compromised as a staging point. This method is known as pivoting. Sometimes attackers creates backdoor into the compromised system to regain access of the system in the hereafterCovering TracksIn the previous phases penetration tester or attacker often made significant changes to the compromised systems to exploit the sytems or to gain administrative rights. This is the final stage in penetration test in which an attack clears all the changes made by himself in the compromised systems and returns the system and all compromised hosts to the on the nose configurations as they are before conducting penetration test.ReportingAll of the information desire vulnerability reports, diagrams and exploitation results generated during penetration testing must be taked after handover to the client. If any information is not deleted it should be in the experience of client and mentioned in the technical report which is generated after penetration testing.Reporting is the last phase in penetration test in which penetration tester organise available data and related result sets into report and present that report to the client. This report is highly confidential which have all the results of penetration tests like vulnerabilities list in the organisation systems, networks or products and recommendations to light up these problems related to the security of the organisation assets, which helps organisation in go againstping future attacks.How to cover tracksTo compromise system successfully an attacker need to be stealthy and avoid detection by miscellaneous security systems like firewalls, Intrusion detection systems (IDS). System administrators and ot her security personals uses similar techniques to identify malicious activities, so its very important for attacker to be remains undetected. A system administrator can examine processes and recordarithm files to check malicious activities. There are various challenges which are confront by a penetration tester after successfully compromise of target system. Now we describe various problem faced by a penetration tester in covering tracksManipulating logarithm Files infoTo manipulate log files data an attacker must have comme il faut knowledge of commonly used operational systems. An attacker must conscious of two types of log files system generated and application generated.Penetraion tester or attacker have two options when manipulating log data first one is to delete entire log and second one is to modify the content of the log file. After deleting entire log an attacker there is surety of undetectability. save there is drawback of deletion of entire log is detection.Second option an attacker have to enjoyment of log files data within the log files so that system administrator is not able to notice attacker presence in the system. But sometimes if attacker removal of so lots information make gap between logs files makes it noticeable.Log Files Management in Various SystemMain purpose of log files in various operating systems is to check health and state of operating system, to detect malicious body process, to analysis system if something bad happens(system troubleshooting). Here we show locations of log files in commonly used operating systems Windows, Linux/Unix, Mac.WindowsIn windows log files or stored in event beauty, which is easy to find simply search event viewer and run it. Event viewer is simply look like the figure as given below, where we can see all log files of the system and applications. simulacrum Log Files Managements in WindowsLinux/UnixIn mainly all linux and unix operating systems log files are stored in the /var/log directory. Mainly system log files are hidden in linux and unix operating systems to see shade list of log files from shell simply type ls l /var/log/ command in shell. In the below figure we show log files in BackTrack linux operating systemFigure Log Files Management in Linux/UnixMacTo get or access log files in MAC operating system simply open inventor and select Go to Folder in the Go menu. Type in /Library/Logs and hit Enter here you get the screen like as given in figure which contains all log files.Figure Log Files Management in Mac OS XTo manipulation of log files data an attacker must have root privileges.Challenges in Manipulation of Log FilesIf the system administrator configures its system to transfer all log files on the remote server time to time, in that grapheme an attacker or penetration tester can only stop log files transfer process except it they have no other way.Hiding FilesVarious Tools for Covering TracksThere are so numerous to compromise a system but after comp romising the system the attack must need to cover their tracks because each and every activity that attacker can do is stored or recorded by the system. Every system have different way to record the activity that occurs in the system. Every attacker must covers their tracks that are recorded by the system so that no one can identify him.

Causes of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA)

Ca dos of avenue Traffic Accidents (RTA)Road slash fatalities argon champion of the major(ip) ca routines of close and injuries in Malaysia. Believed it or not, every classs more people died because of track contingency compare to diseases. gentle factors, including their attitudes, drippiness and health contributed to almost every blend in(predicate) path accidents in this country and mo keep on increase every year and last year al wiz it shown affixs of 397,194 cases in which fatal death accident note quite a little 6,218 cases sources from Road Safety subdivision Malaysia (RSDM). In Asia, it estimated 400,000 people are killed because of drivewayway accident and ab disclose 4 trillion suffered injuries. Apart from that, about 15 million more suffered disability for life sources from Transport Research Laboratory, joined Kingdom. The increasing number of avenue accident fatalities is contributed from the fast growing of economic, population, motorisation and the improvement increment of the industrial welkin in this country on wide scale. Each year, Malaysian has a new auto on the way delinquent to most of Malaysian, affords to buy a new car each year. Last year alone, car sales peak up 2 percentage nearly 536,905 vehicles s caution Aishah Ahmad (2010).The aim of this paper is to pass on critical knowledge and understanding the causes and nature of accidents, statistical data regarding course accidents, social-economical context and impact towards my practise environment e surplusly nursing profession. Hopefully, I critically enable too highlight the reflected bailiwick. confine is a courtly economic aider. This career suit attach for a particular person with firm hearted, caring, concern and patience in accept challenges. A cheer has a great deal of right in saving people lives alike a doctor who are skillful checkup expert and healer. Nurse as a health care provider, working shoulder to shoulder with doctors. In fac t, the haves presence indeed stack make a difference of opinion mingled with life and death. Im a nurse, working in Emergency and Trauma Department (ED), ED provides twenty four hours collar care for the population of Putrajaya and Cyberjaya order and its surrounding area and responsible for the immediate recognition, evaluation, treatment, stabilisation and disposition of medical and surgical emergencies. Other emergency care helpers provided include classic Care Management, Pre Hospital Care, Call Centre and Disaster Management.As an ED nurse working at twenty four hours emergency care unit facing up with the increasing fatalities of routeway accident disfigurement had burden up the workload towards nurses job itself. Delivering effective, accurate and carried out captivate triaging system can be at stack. Why? Because of the stress bar had to carried out due to inter individualised attitudes, physiological ability, shortage of working personal like doctor, nurses or a ssistant medical assistant (AMO), lack of appropriate equipment, working staff poor of knowledge and skill in relations with diligent with unstable conditions, that aim to be treated quickly. Because cadence is much(prenominal) an essential factor in emergency treatment and right(a) triaging of persevering in ED al poors life-saving and first aid measures. In fact, triaging reducing enduring of waiting times that are in select of urgent wariness and assessment on arrival. This will determine their priority of care, this was adapted from troops medical use as describe by Crouch R (1992).The goals and the potential clears of triage especially at ED is in assessing tolerant priority of care upon arrival, provision of life-saving and first aid interventions, reducing the anxiety defeat by quick assessment, provide information to patients and relatives, more efficient use of resources by early and appropriate directing of patient, it is according to the my department P atients Charter. The benefit of this assessment, able to direct patient to the most appropriate care area. Bailey. A (1997).Because of patient care increasingly needed on treating the sickest, the need for move practice nurse to provide and coordinate care in emergency rooms or trauma care has never been greater. In re swear out to the increasing de human beingsd and changes within the scope of sea captain practice as a qualified nurse. There are few essential responsibilities carried out by nurses at ED. For instance, identifiesSubstantial psycho-emotion need by evaluate and assessing patient before distribute them for appropriate care area, age-specific plans for patient accordance to the model nursing guidelines for proper care and treatment, perform constant observation of springy sign. Perform duties as a mentor and key player particularily in advanced area for otherwise nurses and health care lord. In providing right quality nursing care as outlined by Nurses deed of c onveyance 1950 (Revised-1969). Currently and in future ahead nurses image will increase along side with the rising health consciousness and in need of good quality health care worldwide. In reality, nurses are one of a crucial component in patients recovery stated by Richardson LD (2001).As delimitate by Dictionary.com, nurse in ED is who has a nursing practice with formal post-basic education in holistic assessment, physical diagnosis, treatment and promotion of health. Similarly, Tritsch (1998), has observed that the transition into excited environments has highlighted the need for theory-based practice to new take. Nurse in ED performs all responsibilities or duties pieces Nursing and Midwifery Board, Malaysia standard of service. There are still many debate about nursing roles in the ED, suggesting that thither have been whatever erosion of conventional nursing value such as care, kindness and loyalty. The responsibility of nurses in ED needs to be clarified as we know, n urses not pragmaticly care for non-critical patients as review by Watkinson S, (2006).The nurses role in ED is high recognisable and which is also allow the development of the nursing knowledge and skill. This includes triage, trauma care for patient in the blameless areas of the ED as required. Jones (1990) found that normal practice in these departments was unsurmountable to establish, such was the variety of skills of a medical practitioner being underinterpreted. In making these potential roles in patient care are to be realised, the ED nurse should not be viewed as a switch to the junior doctor or AMO, but view as a professional with high qualities and skills said Hooker R (2006). In addition, there should be determine some appropriate scope of practice for ED nurse to established a position within the multidisciplinary team in enhance ED care.Theres should be inter-professional discussion to clarify the manpower, educational and professional/political implication of the ED nurse role. The implication of the ED nurse role system can provides towards the development of nursing practice in each trust on a multidisciplinary basis, providing of vicarious liability by the employing right for each ED nurse, providing appropriate education programmes i.e. ED nurse should retain a generic education programme such as Post-Basic in Advanced Emergency Medical Trauma Care (AEMTC) or separate module of high tertiary level of education in Degree or Master and also provide with short time programme development like MTLS(Malaysia Trauma livelihood Support), ACLS(Advanced Cardiac Life Support), BLS(Basic Life Support) and in PALS(Paediatric Advanced Life Support), but this unique prospect not an effective resource whereby, possible de-skilling of the emergency nurse practice in other aspects of nursing care.There are many causes of accident on the road. Driving recklessly examples awful personal habits, ziping, lack of awareness, in proper or unacceptable behaviour and not wearing proper safety gear or attire especially for motorcyclist and other road user are some of the problems that contribute factor for accidents. check to a study by Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM, 2009), it shown nearly 500 drivers pertain in road accident, it found out that some of car driver thrust when sleepy, driving late night and driving for six to eight hours non-stop or lack of sleep, this linked up with a significant raise and risk of a car crash and would resulting in grueling combat defacement or death.Human error is a central element in accidents. Peter (1998) defined an error is a set of human series of action that exceeds level of tolerability. Usually, the normal judgment in behavior and human error is a departure from a normal human being. Reason (1990), reflect life-threatening acts is an errors, mistake and violation. Errors can happen with or without conscious thought. It like an action that result from misinterpretation of the actual situation. In other words, mistakes are accidental behaviors that involve incorrect choice of inappropriate action for that particular situation. single-valued function violations come from the rules which involve behaviors, such as driving faster than the speed limit i.e.120 km/h. According to the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP) Malaysia, the road accident indispensability in Malaysia for year 2008 are 373,407 compared with years 2009 which is estimated 397,330 road accident. The difference is about 24,283 or 6.5 percent cases of road accident throughout the all in all state of Malaysia. In the meantime, if comparing with other demonstrable countries like Switzerland, Germany and the joined States they have managed to humiliate the percentage of road accident percentage from 1.9 percent to 1.4 percent said Road Safety Department, Malaysia. See appendix. The number of casualties due to motor vehicle accident (MVA) in the year 2009 for my ED alone stated up to 854 cases.Accident was the first main cause of hospitalisation and cause of death for my hospitals. From recent analysis shown that, accidents are more usually involved motor vehicles and non-motorized vehicles. For 2009, the majority of emergency call for ambulance service which is my ED had this specialized mobilised team in attend patient involved in MVA for early stabilisation and treatment, followed by attending patient who had injuries at employment and domestic accidents. The increasing of trauma cases were related to the coverage area involving the possibleness of Maju expressway and the change magnitude of population of office area, commercial-grade centre and lodgement area. See Appendix.Statistical analysis shown most of the admitted or received patient at my ED for 2005-2009 reported the significant case of head injury was due to MVA. It can be sub-divide into different type of category vagabond from severe to minor head injury. See appendix.The most common cases involved in road accident fatali ties caused by severe head injury with 86 patients out of 269 of total head injury suffered from MVA. About 90 percent of the total patient was in coma or with low GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale), the level of consciousness in most of the patient were 3/15 in scale.Enlighten with the organization activity policies and needs on prolonged the roles of nurses at ED, provided with the underline guidelines and together with the ethical framework of professional practice. As highlighted the requirement for a safe standard of care, nurses have a responsibility to act accordance with rules and guidance which adopted the ethical theories of Deontology where it is a special duty and tariff to specific people or society. Ethically it is a good practice for examples a healthcare worker have an obligation to protect and safe people who had an injury or in need of help. Here, I have identified six principles for professional practice can be widen recognition that the nursing practice carried out me et the needs of patient, continually striving for skills and knowledge that provide safe and fit care delivery, recognize the personal limitation of skill and knowledge and sudor to ensure meet of patients needs, identify the expansion role must restrain continuously for safety of the patient care, recognition of the effort of other healthcare workers involved in patient care and provide treatment and at long last the ability to delegate task appropriately.These projections are affected to some and this in fact extent to our context where in our modern society road accident constitute a major problem thus gilded a significant burden on the workload and financial resources to the government. Malaysia is one of the countries, who have the highest road accident fatality in comparing with among other Southeast Asia country. Road accident fatality causes this country injuryes man power or working power professional or non professional workers, causes property and infrastructure dam age, medical billing burst up put away high, create poor productiveness due to disability suffered from injury and lack of professional workers and other revenue maintenance management costly increased and this effect the country economic growth edited by Radin Umar (1998). An middling compensation of insurance in the essence of damage to or discharge of property, life or a person has peak up tremendously. The increasing number of road accident fatalities could push the insurer to press on the insurance premium and the money paid up in the event of damage was a terrible lost of economic profit to the country.According to from Transport Research Laboratory, United Kingdom reported, during 2005-2009 amid 750.000 and 880.000 people died in road accidents worldwide. Most of them from the developing and mid-develop countries. Globally, most of the productive age collection was involved in the road accident fatalities and loss of disability. The General indemnification Associatio n of Malaysia (PIAM) is concerned over the recent rise in accidents involving commercial vehicles definitely will definitely increased insurance compensation because generally, the upstanding nation not just Malaysia suffered the effect and economic burden of road accident fatality and its estimated about 500 billion dollar. This event causing the held back of social and economic development at large. It involved million of money compensation due to raise of death toll and injuries, costly medical bill, rigorous demand on resources in providing welfare service and contribution, economic growth beneath per-average, the state become poorer due to loss of productivity.ConclusionI found out the current situation of healthcare in ED, nurses need to adapt to the continuously changing healthcare procedure, skilled and technique in treating a patient and find new shipway to deliver good care-specifically in terms of make it more practical and effective nursing practice to a utmost leve l ED standard. Having seeing the increasing number of patients involved in road fatality and in-accomplished the goal for urgent-care centers and integrated standard of care of a patient in ED. Nurse are excellent in communicating with patients and in join forces with other colleague of the para-professional team. Nurses can deliver an exceptional role in terms of reorganizing the ED standard of practice with the current emergency crisis. musical composition road safety has long been consider one of the social responsibilities to the government of Malaysia. I believe this responsibility should not solely rest on the government because there are many ways that the semiprivate sector can support government road safety campaigns and initiatives. I hoped members of the private sector would participate and contribute to the effort of increasing road awareness. The government will carry on investing seriously on road safety campaigns in bringing down the fatality rate to below two for e very 10,000 registered vehicles by 2020, on par with other developed countries. With the governments spending on multimedia awareness campaigns for road users and upgrading accident-prone roads for safer use is hopefully will further reduce road deaths.Of all road accidents in Malaysia, fatal accident justified a higher(prenominal) degree of concern. However, road authorities feel contend with the figures of 6,218 cases death for last year alone. Although studies shown that causes to most of the accident is because of the drivers themselves. The need for providing a safe and efficient road system has been a main concern to the Malaysian government. peculiar(a) measures have to be taken up such as bellicose road safety campaign awareness in civilizing and educate road user to abide by the law and road regulation. Other germane(predicate) agencies such as Ministry of Works, Malaysia (MOW) in providing a better and safer road and Ministry of Transport, Malaysia (MOT) constantly mak e an positive effort in order to improve barter accident in Malaysia, alongside with the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MOH) in providing better emergency aid management in attending and treating MVA cases and other government authority efforts to reduce traffic accident and to achieve its targets, because prevention is better than cure as point up by Answer.com. Furthermore, positive steps have taken into respond by encourage people especially road user to shared care when go for work, encourage to use and support earthly concern transport, promote walking as part of health exercise and use of bicycle as an option to traffic congestion and for better and scrubbed air for environment and to people to breath.As whole year, most Malaysian will witnessing and exposed with sizzling catchphrase advertisement throughout the radio, television, internet, poster, report and giant electronic screen placed in most major city throughout Malaysia. Some of the phrase held like Stop on Red Ligh t, Ware your seat belt, Celebration, Drive safely, Driving in patient and other sought kind of positive catchphrase. The campaign brought by Road Safety Council Malaysia (2010) and they will highlight on four main issue such as road safety is a together and community effort and not a sole effort of a government, road regulation and rules is a mandatory ruling to be follow by all road user or bear-up will the summon and severe penalty, follow the law will reducing and avoid fatality and ultimately if every citizen support this campaign with uncompromisingly. Hopefully, in future collaboration between intra and inter government agency will improve more on road safety and nevertheless, the government could achieve road accident death toll to below par level. As it will also could, barely million of Ringgit in term of property damage, working force and productivity loss and also medical cost.

Comparison Italian And German Fascism

relation Italian And German FascismIn the 20th century there were a component part of rises and f wholes of many characters of semipolitical relation. In some cases, twain public wars influenced these events and multiple changes arose in origin. The First World War gave demeanor to such styles of rule as Fascism and res publicaal socialism. Very often these two ideologies be conflated as the same thing. However, while there are similarities betwixt these concepts, a lot of differences alike exist, that need to be mentioned. In order to understand these two movements, one should get to know the meaning of these terms. Such political political theory as Fascism is social functiond in reference to the style of ruling that arose in Italy after The First World War and was represented by Benito Mussolini. And Nazism is embodied by the man who might be a straight Nazist itself, Adam Hitler.Fascism could be considered as militant political movement that accent loyalty to t he state and obedience to the leader. It based on the principles of Authoritarianism administration tried to organize and control with strong discipline as lots as possible in peoples lives. The first obvious difference amongst these two political systems is about the intention Hitlers Nazi wanted to retaliate what the world done to them after the World War I, he wished Germany to move on the hegemony in all over Europe. While Mussolinis fascism plainly wanted to reconstruct romish Empire, build up the southern part from agriculture to industrial as the northern part of Italy. Other areas of differences between Germany and Italy involve their people. Hitler had peoples support gutter the end, while Mussolini gradually lost peoples faith.After the World War I, Germany and Italy were in the same period of difficulty. Germany was considered to be the nation that made the war breaks out. Because of this reason, they had to consecrate massive reparations to some countries. It ha rmed their economy so much, and embarrassed the German people. This pushed up Hitler to start his ideas of new political policies called Nazism. Main posts of this policy was to demanded more land, embellish anti-semitism, and to make Germany become a super nation. Hitler used political propaganda to fire their cause against the enemy. One of propagandas methods was the radio. That is kind of demagogism, the people knew nothing about the truth, comfort lies. Hitlers Nazi were also against the Jews, use them as scapegoat. Jews were cheated extremely rude. About economic, Hitlers Nazi could help their people out of the crisis, all economic activities devoted to the nation and the enlargement of the army. Role of women was not be respected, under Nazism, women have solitary(prenominal) role to take care of children and support their husband to serve the state. No place for women in any important field like political or economic.About Italy, Mussolinis fascism was the only policy which have freedom, all new(prenominal)s were extinguished. all people who against the new policy was killed or exiled. Though parliament still met, all the important decisions were done by Fascism party, all followed what the dictator Mussolini told. local power replaced by the mandarins ap insinuateed from Rome. Local fascists always had the same power as the government officials. No freedom of press in Italy that time, all the press, radio, movies, theatre were censorship strictly. All anti-fascism editors were replaced by fascist supporters. Schooling was tightly supervised, all books were rewritten to praise the fascist system. Teachers must wear uniform, students had the right to point out any teachers who did not have the fervency to the fascism. All the economic activities also under controlled by corporate state, they tried to harmonize the employers from all class. Lockouts and strikes were not allowed. About religion, especially here is Catholic, was forced. No other r eligions could exist.In spite of these differences, these two fascism states share many important experiences. Since Mussolini and Hitler are allies, the way they used fascism is very similar, they have almost the same political point of view. Both of them were dictator fascists, looked for the new form of government totalitarianism. They love to use violent, followed the doctrine of anti-democratic and anti-socialist, despised to civil rights and individual liberties. Their political ideologies formed just after the World War I. Violent propaganda was the key tool in both nations to increase social conflict everywhere in their nations, enabled the fascism government to dominate the points of view of the public to what they want to. The education systems in Germany and Italy were also very similar. The main purpose in education was to create as much well-trained and loyal soldiers as possible, because of the physical training was a major part of education. The womens role in both s tates was not respected. France is considered as the frequent enemy for both Germany and Italy, because France invaded territories of both two countries. All characters above may be not enough, but they are somehow representative for the similarities between Italian Fascism and Nazis Germany.Although political systems of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany differ from each other in many areas, but they still share some roughhewn experiences. As James Brown quotes Fascism and Nazism, although poles apart in their intellectual content, are similar in this, that both have emotional appeal to the type of personality that takes pleasure in being submerged in a mass movement and submitting to superior authority.